old English mc test

Big Bang

occurred 14 million years ago as an expansion

when did light first exist

300,000 years ago

how far is the universe across

93 billion light years

when did earth form

4.6 billion years ago

when did life first develop

4 billion years ago

when did eukaryotes form

2 billion years ago

Cambrian explosion

A burst of evolutionary origins when most of the major body plans of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geologic history; recorded in the fossil record about 545 to 525 million years ago.

mass extinction

65 million years ago, a meteorite impacted the Earth

homo habilis

extinct species of upright east African hominid having some advanced humanlike characteristics

homo erectus

"Upright man" these hominids became skillful hunters and invented more sophisticated tools for digging, scraping and cutting. They also became the first hominids to migrate from Africa. Also were the first to use fire.

homo neanderthals

lived in Europe, thick boned, larger brained, buried dead, made hunting tools

Homo sapiens sapiens

"wise, wise humans," a species that appeared in Africa between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago; they were the first anatomically modern humans

“out of Africa” migration

Homo sapiens spread to other continents

100,000 years ago

Some people began their dead with great care - believed that their afterlife would be similar to life on earth. Tools, weapons & other needed goods.

50,000 years ago

apparent animal worship

humanity

how we share the world around us to meet our needs

40,000 years ago

evidence of cultural aesthetics

12,000 years ago

the first geographically permanent societies

river valleys

Fertile Crescent, yellow, nile, and Indus rivers

12-5,000 years ago

agricultural/neolithic revolution

tokens

first book-keeping system

development of writing

signs that originates as tokens and pictures

syllabograms

phonograms that represent sounds in the form of single syllables, the first sound signs

phoenetic alphabet

system of 22 written marks that each correspond to a sound in the spoken language

first British Invasion

romans invade in 43 ad, faced loosely confederated celtic tribes

3 tools used by romans

military might and control, infrastructure, lobbying

Boudicca

the Celtic queen that tormented one of the more serious rebellions of the Celts in Britain

second British Invasion

anglo-saxons invade with the help of germanic tribes, eventually form heptarchy

heptarchy

group of 7 kingdoms formed by the invading germanic tribes

Saxon kingdoms

messes, sussex, essex

Angle kingdoms

Northumbria, Mercia, east anglia

Jute kingdom

Kent

King Arthur

legendary kin who defended britons in Cornwall form the Anglo-Saxon invaders

old English period

450-1066 (beowulf), defined by anglo saxons

3rd invasion of Britain

vikings invaded from Denmark and settled in danelaw in the northeast

Alfred the great

first English king, defended the heptarchy in the 9th century

4th invasion of Britain

William of normandy invades and defeats Harold of Wessex in the battle of Hastings, French beat normans

Bayeux Tapestry

recounts battle of Hastings, covered with embroidery representing the incidents of William the conquerors expedition to England

the Middle English period

(1100-1500) (Chaucers centerbury tales), defined by Norman influences

Middle English

French language merges with germanic language

modern English I

1500-1800, defined by the GVS, French influence from result of battle of Hastings, war of roses, printing press, renaissance, etc

modern English II

1800-present, defined by colonization and influence of multiple languages

war of the roses

between works and lancaster’s, civil war for English crown,

great vowel shift

a change in the pronunciation of English language that took place between 1400-1600, could be due to various reasons, like the shift to modern English Iwill

William shakespeare

38 plays, 154 sonnets, modern English I period

United Kingdom

England, scotland, Wales, n. Ireland

BRICS

britain, Russia, India, china, South Africa

exposition

the setting frames the action, introduction of characters

circular plotline

begins at climax, goes backwards through flashbacks, common in modern novels

fragmented plotline

when plot is shown out of order

plot

driven by conflict

homeric period

pre-classical (1200-800bs) greek oral legends, homers the Iliad a(trojan war, achilles) and the odyssey (tragicomedy)

Classical Greek period

greek writers, playwrights and philosophers such as Plato, Aesop, Socrates, Aristotle, etc aka the golden age of Greece, sophisticated age of the polis or individual city state and early democracy

classical roman period

Greeces culture gives way to Roman power when Rome conquers Greece in 146 when Rome slides into a monarchial empire this is referred to as the roman imperial period

patristic period

early christian writings appear such as those by saint Augustine, tertullian, saint cyprian, saint Ambrose and said Jerome in which saint Jerome first compiles the Bible, hen christianity spreads across Europe (classical period)

Carolingian renaissance

charlemagnes efforts led to the revival of learning and culture, rebirth

early Tudor period

war of the roses ends in English with Henry VII claiming the throne0 Martin Luthers split with Roman Catholic Church marks emergence of protestantism- first protestant church in England- Edmund Spencer (poet)

elizabethan period

Queen Elizabeth I's reign of England (1558 - 1603); includes the Tudor period and ends with Shakespeare's death

Jacobean period

Shakespeare's later work, Aemilia Lanyer, Ben Jonson, and John Donne.

Caroline age

John Milton, George Herbert, Robert Herrick and the "Sons of Ben" writing during the reign of Charles I and his Cavaliers

Commonwealth period

Under Cromwell's Puritan dictatorship, John Milton continues to write, but we also find writers like Andrew Marvell and Sir Thomas Browne.

kennings

metaphorical phrases or compound words used to name a person, place, things or event indirectly

irony

the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.

voiced sounds

are produced, in part by the vibrations of the vocal chords

unvoiced sounds

sounds that are produced when the vocal cords do not vibrate

feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

the hundred years war

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.

epic

A long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds

caesura

A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line.

hrothgar

king of the Danes

healfdane

hrothgars father

higlac

Beowulfs uncle, king of the goats

wulfgar

He is one of Hrothgar's faithful thanes. As the watchman for the Danes, he is the first to greet Beowulf and his thanes to the land of the Danes. He also deems the Geat visitors as people worthy enough to meet with Hrothgar.

Hathlaf

Wulfing warrior killed by Edgetho

edgetho

Beowulfs father

geats

a people in Sweden, beowulf becomes their king and rules for 50 years

hergar

hrothgars older brother

Welthow

hrothgars wife, queen of Danes

length of Beowulfs rule

50 years

what does the thief steal form the dragon

a cup

meaning of wiglaf

the one who remains

where does the dragon wound beowulf

the neck

sutton hoo

of two Anglo-Saxon cemeteries of the 6th century and early 7th century, one of which contained an undisturbed ship burial including a wealth of artifacts of outstanding art-historical and archaeological significance.

Benjamin bagby

modern stop, performer of beowulf

first beowulf manuscript

1000 Ad

The Venerable Bede

wrote ecclesiastical history of the English people

caedmon

the first Anglo-Saxon poet hose name we know

coifi

chief of king Edwins priests

king Edwin of northumbria

converted to christianity by his wife’s influence

Paulinus

early christian preacher in northumbria

the Exeter book

a tenth century book or codex which is an anthology of Anglo-Saxon poetry