2 .2 - Manufacturing of Solid Dosage Forms

c. Coating

Application of coating material to a moving bed of solids with concurrent use of heated air
a. Tableting
b. Granulation
c. Coating
d. Milling

• Pan Pourin

• Pan Spraying

Method of Tablet Coating [2]

b. Pan Pouring

[Method of Tablet Coating]

Method of coating for viscous solutions, with problem of surface erosion
a. Pan Spraying
b. Pan Pouring
c. Fluid Bed Coating
d. Air Suspension Coating

c. Pan Spraying

[Method of Tablet Coating]

Method of coating that increases efficiency of coating process
a. Pan Pouring
b. Fluid Bed Coating
c. Pan Spraying
d. Wurster Process

• Standard Coating Pan

• Perforated Coating Pan

• Fluid Bed Coater

Coating Equipment for Tablet include _____ [3]

c. Standard Coating Pan

[Coating Equipment for Tablet]

Coating equipment that consists of a rotating circular metal pan with ducts
a. Perforated Coating Pan
b. Fluid Bed Coater
c. Standard Coating Pan
d. Wurster Coater

c. Peilegrini Pan

[Coating Equipment for Tablet]

Example of Standard Coating Pan
a. Accela-Cota Pan
b. Driacoater
c. Peilegrini Pan
d. Giatt Coater

b. Perforated Coating Pan

[Coating Equipment for Tablet]

Coating equipment wherein heated air is exhausted through the perforations in the drum
a. Standard Coating Pan
b. Perforated Coating Pan
c. Fluid Bed Coater
d. Pan Spraying System

• Accela-Cota Pan

• Driacoater

• Giatt Coater

[Coating Equipment for Tablet]

Examples of Perforated Coating Pan
a. Peilegrini Pan
b. Wurster Coater
c. Accela-Cota Pan, Driacoater, Giatt Coater
d. Standard Coating Pan

e. Two of the above

• Air suspension coating

• Wurster process

[Coating Equipment for Tablet]

Fluid Bed Coater is also known as _______

a. Air suspension coating

b. Wurster process
c. Pan coating
d. Spray coating

e. Two of the above

c. Fluid Bed Coater

[Coating Equipment for Tablet]

Coating equipment also known as:

• Air suspension coating / Wurster process

a. Standard Coating Pan
b. Perforated Coating Pan
c. Fluid Bed Coater
d. Pan Pouring System

• Sugar Coating

• Film Coating

Types of Tablet Coating [2]

b. Sugar Coating

[Types of Tablet Coating]

Oldest coating method

a. Film Coating
b. Sugar Coating
c. Enteric Coating
d. Compression Coating

b. Sugar Coating

[Types of Tablet Coating]

Coating method which involves successive coating of sucrose-based solution
a. Film Coating
b. Sugar Coating
c. Enteric Coating
d. Compression Coating

• Large increase in weight (>50%)

• Time - consuming

• Requires expertise

[Types of Tablet Coating]

Disadvantage of Sugar coating [3]

Sealing

↓

Subcoating

↓

Smoothing

↓

Color coating

↓

Polishing

[Types of Tablet Coating]

Sugar Coating Process for Tablets [5]

b. Sealing

[Sugar Coating Process for Tablets]

Sugar coating process that involves waterproofing
a. Sub-coating
b. Sealing
c. Smoothing
d. Color coating

b. Sealing

[Sugar Coating Process for Tablets]

Sugar coating process that separates tablet core from water

a. Sub-coating
b. Sealing
c. Smoothing
d. Color coating

• Shellac

• Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP)

• Polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP)

• Zein

[Sugar Coating Process for Tablets]

Sealcoating Agents used in sugar coating [4]

b. Sub-coating

[Sugar Coating Process for Tablets]

Sugar coating process that rounds off the edges and builds up the tablet size

a. Sealing
b. Sub-coating
c. Smoothing
d. Polishing

b. Sub-coating

[Sugar Coating Process for Tablets]

Considered as the most critical step for sugar coating process

a. Sealing
b. Sub-coating
c. Smoothing
d. Polishing

• Alternate layers of sticky binder (acacia or gelatin)

• Dusting powder

[Sugar Coating Process for Tablets]

Sub-coating agents include _____ [2]

c. Smoothing

[Sugar Coating Process for Tablets]

Sugar coating process that smoothes out the subcoated surface
a. Sealing
b. Sub-coating
c. Smoothing
d. Color coating

b. 60-70% syrup

[Sugar Coating Process for Tablets]

Smoothing agent used in sugar coating
a. 60-70% syrup + colorant
b. 60-70% syrup
c. Shellac
d. Beeswax

d. Color coating

[Sugar Coating Process for Tablets]

Critical step in sugar coating that gives color and elegance
a. Sealing
b. Sub-coating
c. Smoothing
d. Color coating

b. 60-70% syrup + colorant

[Sugar Coating Process for Tablets]

Color coating agent used in sugar coating
a. 60-70% syrup
b. 60-70% syrup + colorant
c. Acacia and gelatin
d. Shellac

c. Grossing

[Sugar Coating Process for Tablets]

Color coating step that develops color
a. Regular Syruping
b. Heavy Syruping
c. Grossing
d. Polishing

b. Heavy Syruping

[Sugar Coating Process for Tablets]

Color coating step that builds up color
a. Grossing
b. Heavy Syruping
c. Regular Syruping
d. Sealing

c. Regular Syruping

[Sugar Coating Process for Tablets]

Color coating step that gives the final color
a. Grossing
b. Heavy Syruping
c. Regular Syruping
d. Polishing

d. Polishing

[Sugar Coating Process for Tablets]

Sugar coating step that produces gloss/shine
a. Color coating
b. Smoothing
c. Sub-coating
d. Polishing

• Beeswax

• Carnauba wax

• Candelila wax

• Hard paraffin wax

• Blending of dry

[Sugar Coating Process for Tablets]

Polishing agents used in sugar coating include _______ [5]

b. Film Coating

[Types of Tablet Coating]

Coating type that involves deposition of thin film of polymer around the tablet core
a. Sugar Coating
b. Film Coating
c. Enteric Coating
d. Compression Coating

• Minimal increase in weight (2-3%)

• Easier and faster

[Types of Tablet Coating]

Advantage of Film Coating [2]

• Film Former

• Plasticizer

• Surfactant

• Alloying Substance

• Glossant

• Volatile Solvent/ Vehicle

[Types of Tablet Coating]

Component of Film Coating [6]

b. Film Former

[Component of Film Coating]

Film coating component that produces smooth, thin films
a. Plasticizer
b. Film Former
c. Surfactant
d. Glossant

• Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP)

• Polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP)

• Salol

[Component of Film Coating]

Example of Film Former used in film coating[3]

b. Plasticizer

[Component of Film Coating]

Film coating component that produces flexibility and elasticity
a. Film Former
b. Plasticizer
c. Surfactant
d. Glossant

• Castor oil

• Glycerin

[Component of Film Coating]

Example of Plasticizer used in film coating [2]

a. Beeswax and PEG
b. Castor oil and glycerin
c. Alcohol and acetone
d. Polysorbates and Tween

c. Surfactant

[Component of Film Coating]

Film coating component that enhances spreadability of the film
a. Plasticizer
b. Film Former
c. Surfactant
d. Alloying Substance

Polysorbates (Tween)

[Component of Film Coating]

Example of surfactant used in film coating
a. Glycerin
b. PEG
c. Polysorbates (Tween)
d. Beeswax

b. Alloying Substance

[Component of Film Coating]

Film coating component that provides water solubility/permeability to the film
a. Plasticizer
b. Alloying Substance
c. Glossant
d. Volatile Solvent

a. PEG

[Component of Film Coating]

Example of alloying substance used in film coating
a. PEG
b. Beeswax
c. Glycerin
d. Castor oil

c. Glossant

[Component of Film Coating]

Film coating component that provides luster or shine to the tablets without separate polishing operation
a. Alloying Substance
b. Surfactant
c. Glossant
d. Plasticizer

b. Beeswax

[Component of Film Coating]

Example of glossant used in film coating
a. PEG
b. Beeswax
c. Polysorbates
d. Castor oil

c. Volatile Solvent/Vehicle

[Component of Film Coating]

Film coating component that allows the spread of the other components over the tablets
a. Glossant
b. Alloying Substance
c. Volatile Solvent/Vehicle
d. Plasticizer

b. Alcohol and acetone

[Component of Film Coating]

Example of volatile solvent/vehicle used in film coating
a. Castor oil and glycerin
b. Alcohol and acetone
c. PEG
d. Beeswax

b. Mottling

[Tablet Coating Defects]

Coating defect characterized by uneven color distribution, due to poor mixing, uneven spray patterns, or migration of additives during drying
a. Sweating
b. Mottling
c. Bridging
d. Blooming

b. Sweating

[Tablet Coating Defects]

Coating defect characterized by oily film or droplets of liquid, due to humid conditions
a. Blistering
b. Sweating
c. Erosion
d. Blushing

c. Bridging

[Tablet Coating Defects]

Coating defect wherein markings are obscured due to coating solution filling in the logo of the tablet
a. Cratering
b. Twinning
c. Bridging
d. Orange Peel

b. Erosion

[Tablet Coating Defects]

Coating defect characterized by removal of coating from the tablet surface due to friction among themselves
a. Cratering
b. Erosion
c. Blistering
d. Blooming

c. Cratering

[Tablet Coating Defects]

Coating defect wherein craters appear exposing the tablet surface, due to disruption of coating at the crown when the surface is more porous
a. Bridging
b. Blistering
c. Cratering
d. Blushing

b. Blistering

[Tablet Coating Defects]

Coating defect characterized by reduced adhesion and detachment of the film, due to entrapment of gases underneath the film
a. Cratering
b. Blistering
c. Erosion
d. Twinning

b. Blooming

[Tablet Coating Defects]

Coating defect characterized by fading or dulling of the film, due to high concentration and low MW of plasticizer
a. Blushing
b. Blooming
c. Blistering
d. Orange Peel

b. Blushing

[Tablet Coating Defects]

Coating defect characterized by whitish specks or haziness of the film, due to precipitation of polymer at high temperature
a. Blooming
b. Blushing
c. Sweating
d. Mottling

c. Twinning

[Tablet Coating Defects]

Coating defect wherein 2 tablets stick together, due to inappropriate tablet shape or tacky coating formulation
a. Bridging
b. Cratering
c. Twinning
d. Blistering

c. Orange Peel

[Tablet Coating Defects]

Coating defect characterized by rough, non-glossy film surface, due to inadequate spreading
a. Blooming
b. Twinning
c. Orange Peel
d. Blushing

a. Add polysorbate surfactant

[Tablet Coating Defects]

Remedy for orange peel coating defect
a. Add polysorbate surfactant
b. Increase plasticizer concentration
c. Reduce spray rate
d. Add colorant

• Type I

• Type II

[Tablet Coating Defects]

Type of Flaking [2]

b. Type I

[Tablet Coating Defects]

Type of flaking due to thermal expansion of tablet cores caused by over drying
a. Type II
b. Type I
c. Type III
d. Blooming Type

c. Type II

[Tablet Coating Defects]

Type of flaking due to core swelling caused by excessive moisture uptake
a. Type I
b. Type III
c. Type II
d. Blushing Type

a. Delayed Distribution

[Tablet Coating Defects]

Coating defect associated with the exposure of tablet cores to coating process conditions rather than a direct effect of the applied coating
a. Delayed Distribution
b. Orange Peel
c. Twinning
d. Blooming

• Hard Gelatin Capsules (HGC)

• Soft Gelatin Capsules (SGC)

Type of capsule [2]

b. Hard Gelatin Capsules

[Type of Capsule]

Type of capsule wherein the shells are manufactured in a separate operation from filling
a. Soft Gelatin Capsules
b. Hard Gelatin Capsules
c. Enteric Capsules
d. Sustained-Release Capsules

c. Pin Method/Reciprocating Die Method

Most common method of manufacturing Hard Gelatin Capsules
a. Rotary Die Method
b. Plate Method
c. Pin Method/Reciprocating Die Method
d. Seamless Method

Steps in filling Hard Gelatin Capsules (HGCs) [6]

• Sealing

  • Gelatin Banding

  • Heat Welding

  • Thermal Coupling

• Coating

Special Techniques for Capsules [2]

• Gelatin Banding

• Heat Welding

• Thermal Coupling

Sealing technique for Capsule include _____ [3]

b. Gelatin Banding

[Special Techniques for Capsules]

Sealing technique that seals with a band of gelatin
a. Heat Welding
b. Gelatin Banding
c. Thermal Coupling
d. Rotary Die Process

c. Heat Welding

[Special Techniques for Capsules]

Sealing technique that fuses cap to body through double wall thickness
a. Gelatin Banding
b. Thermal Coupling
c. Heat Welding
d. Plate Process

c. Thermal Coupling

[Special Techniques for Capsules]

Sealing technique that uses liquid wetting agent to lower melting point between cap and body then bonds
a. Heat Welding
b. Gelatin Banding
c. Thermal Coupling
d. Reciprocating Die Process

b. Coating

[Special Techniques for Capsules]

Special technique for hard gelatin capsules that modifies solubility characteristics,

Example:

• Shellac

• Cellulose acetate phthalate

• Salol
  

a. Sealing
b. Coating
c. Banding
d. Welding

b. Soft Gelatin Capsules

[Type of Capsule]

Type of capsule that is formed, filled and sealed in a single operation
a. Hard Gelatin Capsules
b. Soft Gelatin Capsules
c. Enteric Capsules
d. Compressed Capsules

• Plate Process

• Rotary Die Process

• Reciprocating Die Process

Methods for Manufacturing Soft Gelatin Capsule [3]

c. Plate Process

[Methods for Manufacturing Soft Gelatin Capsule]

Oldest method of manufacturing soft gelatin capsules which uses gelatin sheets
a. Rotary Die Process
b. Reciprocating Die Process
c. Plate Process
d. Pin Method

b. Rotary Die Process

[Methods for Manufacturing Soft Gelatin Capsule]

Soft gelatin capsule method that uses gelatin ribbons brought together between 2 rotating dies
a. Plate Process
b. Rotary Die Process
c. Pin Method
d. Sealing Process

c. Reciprocating Die Process

[Methods for Manufacturing Soft Gelatin Capsule]

Soft gelatin capsule method that uses gelatin ribbons brought together between 2 rotating dies (reciprocating)
a. Plate Process
b. Rotary Die Process
c. Reciprocating Die Process
d. Pin Method