neurolab week 3 - brainstem, cerebellum, ventricles

https://www.uoguelph.ca/psychology/lab/sheep-brain/coronal-cuts

what makes up brainstem?

medulla

pons

midbrain

what are the cranial nerve nuclei and reticular formation

collective of cell bodies in the brainstem

difffuse reticular formation and nucleus raphe

contained in the brain stem

difffuse reticular formation = arousal and awareness

nucleus raphe = serotonergic neruons

cerebellum

little brain, houses 50% of neurons in the CNS, conain granule cells and purkinje cells

overlies the posterior part of the pons and medulla

acts indirectly to control movement and posture by adjusting the output to major descening pathways, improves accuracy of movements, and regulates rate, range, direction, and force of muscular activity in movements and postures

damage to cerebellum = jerky, erratic, uncoordinated movements

true or false the cerebellum is needed for perception and muscle contraction

false, only helps coordinate movement

two excitatory inputs that come into the cerebellum

climbing fibers > originate in inferior olivary nuclues and synapse on purkinje cells

mossy fibers > come from pons, spinal cord and excite granule cells. have parallel fibers that synapse purkinje.

anterior commissure

above to the 3rd ventricle, it connect the thrid ventricle to olfacotory structures and miffle and inferior tempeoral gyrus posterioroly

cerebellular penducles: connections of cerebellum to midbrain

which connect cere to midbrain?

cere to pons?

cere to medulla?

cere to midbrain = superior cerebellar peduncle

cere to pons = middle cerbellular peduncle

cere to medulla = inferior cerebellar peduncle

the caudate and the thalamus are sisters. how to tell them apart. 

caudate is c shaped.

more posterior cut where pons seen = more thalamus seen

more forward cut = caudate more apparent.

3 functional regions of cerebellum

central vermis (connects cerbellum on two hemipsheres)

intermediate zone

lateral zone

fornix fibers

C-shaped white matter tract in medial part of brain

what closes off 4th ventricle

anterior medullary velum

optic radiation vs fornix fiber

ventricle system

which ventricle is located vertically in between thalamus and hypothalamus?

which ventricle is located beneath the cerebellum and above the pons

thrid ventricle located vertically in between thalamus and hypothalamus

fourth ventricle is located beneath the cerebellum and above the pons

Foramen of magendie

Foramen of Luschka

formane = holes

Lushcka = lateral holes on frouth ventricle

Magendie = central tube of frouth ventricle

internal capsules

project form cortex to connect to parts of brainstem pons/cerebellum

comissural fibers: anterior and posterior commissure fibers

anterior commissure fiber > string located right above third ventricle and right below columns of fornix

posterior commisure fiber > above superior collucli and above poeing of cerebral aqeuduct

how to tell fornix fibers from septal nuclei

the columns of the fornix are thick, C-shaped bundles of white matter fibers that arch posteriorly, while the septal nuclei are small clusters of gray matter neurons located just superior to the anterior commissure and on the dorsal side of the fornix's precommissural fibers.

LGN

sits posterior to thalamus

hypothal, pituitary, mamminllary body