Heart, Blood Vessels, and Muscular Anatomy Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the anatomy of the heart, blood vessels, respiratory muscles, and major limb muscles.

Mediastinum

The location of the heart, situated between the two lungs, behind the sternum, and in front of the vertebral column.

Pericardium

A fluid-filled sac that encloses the heart, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer.

Epicardium

The outermost layer of the heart wall made of fibrous connective tissue.

Myocardium

The middle layer of the heart wall made of muscle that contracts to pump blood.

Endocardium

The lining of the heart that makes direct contact with the blood.

Interatrial Septum

The structure that separates the right atrium from the left atrium.

Interventricular Septum

The structure that separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle.

Coronary sulcus

The horizontal septum that separates the atria from the ventricles.

Tricuspid Valve

The atrioventricular valve located on the right side of the heart.

Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve

The atrioventricular valve located on the left side of the heart.

Semilunar Valves

Valves that prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricles; include the pulmonary (right side) and aortic (left side) valves.

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

Located in the right atrium, it is known as the pacemaker of the heart.

Purkinje fibers

The part of the heart's conduction system that comes off the bundle branches to stimulate the ventricles.

Tunica interna (intima)

The inner lining of blood vessels composed mostly of simple squamous epithelial tissue.

Tunica media

The middle layer of a blood vessel made of smooth muscle that can vasodilate or vasoconstrict.

Tunica externa (adventitia)

The outermost layer of blood vessels made of connective tissues containing collagen and elastic fibers.

Elastic (Conducting) Arteries

Large arteries such as the aorta, subclavians, and iliacs.

Muscular (Distributing) Arteries

Medium-sized arteries like the brachial, ulnar, radial, and femoral arteries that distribute blood.

Tachycardia

A heart rate that is over $100$ beats per minute.

Bradycardia

A heart rate that is under $50$ beats per minute.

Sphygmomanometer

One of the devices used along with a stethoscope to check blood pressure in the brachial artery.

Quarter cough sounds

The specific sounds heard through a stethoscope when taking blood pressure.

Systolic Blood Pressure

The first sound heard when taking blood pressure, representing the pressure when the heart contracts.

Diastolic Blood Pressure

The last sound heard when taking blood pressure, representing the pressure when the heart relaxes.

Pulse Pressure Calculation

The result of subtracting the diastolic pressure from the systolic pressure; the average is $40\,mmHg$.

Supraspinatus

The rotator cuff muscle that initiates abduction of the humerus.

Subscapularis

The rotator cuff muscle responsible for medially or internally rotating the humerus.

Brachialis

The main flexor muscle that flexes the forearm at the elbow joint.

Triceps brachii

The muscle responsible for the extension of the arm and the forearm.

Flexor digitorum profundus

A deep finger flexor that goes to the distal bones.

Diaphragm

The main muscle used for breathing.

External intercostal muscles

Muscles that pull the ribs up to assist in inhalation.

Internal intercostal muscles

Muscles that pull the ribs down to assist in exhalation.

Quadratus laborem

The muscle used to extend the trunk.

Gluteus maximus

The muscle that extends the thigh at the hip joint.

Quadriceps muscle group

A group consisting of the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis that extends the leg at the knee joint.

Hamstring muscles

A group consisting of the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus that flexes the leg at the knee joint.

Tibialis anterior

The muscle that dorsiflexes the foot (pulling it up on the heels) and inverts the foot.

Gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris

The group of muscles used to come up on the toes (plantar flexion).