chem 107 lab final review

5 safety rules

1. wear googles at all times

2. hair is tied back

3. closed shoes

4. dispose waste properly

5. no eating/drinking in the lab

(1) lab items, thermometer

thermometer: measures temp

lab items, gradulated cylinder:

measures the volume of liquids

lab items, pipete

drops liquid

lab items, large tongs

holds hot items

lab items, ring stands

holds and locks in glasses used for experiments

lab items, strickers

used to light bunsen burners

lab items, gas hose

connects to bunsen burners

lab items, googles

protects eyes during labs

lab items, wire gauze

holds glass equipments while being heated

lab items,stirring rods

stirs liquids

lab items, test tube holder

holds test tubes

lab items, beakers

used for reactions, transport, and baths

erlenmeyer flasks

used to mix liquids and for a reaction t

test tubes

observe obvious solutions

small tongs

to hold test tubes

test tube brush

cleans out test tubes

filter funnel

gravity filtering

spatural

picking up solids

watch glass

used to look at solids

evaporating dish

used for solids in evaporation labscr

crucible

to heat solids at a high temp

clay triangle

to hold/suppoer a crucible

wire gauze

support glass equipment while being heated

pinch clamp

secures and controls the flow of liquids

lithmus paper

determines if solution is an acid or base

forceps

holds small objects

scale

weights solids accurately

bunsun burner

heat source

ring clamps

holds glass equipment

3 prong clamp

holds test tubes, flasks, etcc

vortex genie

shakes test tubes

burette

dripping volumes of liquids

burette clamp

holds burette

g - moles calculation

__g * 1 mole / molar mass of element

when reading a gradulated cylinder, you read

under the meniscus w

when reading a ruler, you read

make sure you’re measuring with the object starting at 0 and read where the object meet the inches line

ionic compounds

metal+non-metal, compound with the net charge = 0

EX) BaCl2

ionic compounds with transition metal

compound with the net charge = 0 AND with roman numerals

EX) CuCl = copper (I) chloride

molecular compounds

non-metal + non-metal - uses prefixes when naming

EX) CO₂ - carbon dioxide

acid compunds

H⁺ + anion

• if anion ends with -ide, add “hydro” before the root of the anion name followed by “-ic acid”

• if anion ends with -ate, use the root of the anion name followed by “-ic acid”

• if anion ends with -ite, use the root of the anion name followed by “-ic acid”

EX) HCl - hydrochloric acid

bunson burner parts (bottom to up)

needle, gas inlet, vents, barrel

density equation

density = mass / volume

how to calculate % in the hydrate

% H₂O = mass H₂O / mass of hydrate (OG)

• mass H₂O = total mass lost - mass of crucible, cover, and sample - mass of crucible, cover, and sample after 1st heating

• mass of hydrate (OG) = mass of crucible, cover, and sample - mass of crucible and cover

double displacement

A⁺ B^- + C⁺ D^{- →} A⁺ D^- + C⁺ B^-

single displacement

A+ BC → AC+B

A= element

BC = compounds

molarity

moles / volume (L)

when adding/subtracting, how many sig figs are in your answer?

fewest decimal places

when dividing/multiplying, how many sig figs are in your answer?

least amount of sig figs

NH₄+

ammonium

NO₃^-

nitrate

PO₄^3-

phosphate

CO₃^2-

carbonate

SO₄^2-

sulfate

OH^-

hydroxide

C₂H₃O₂^-

acetate

CN^-

cyanide

describe how to determine the density of an irregular shaped solid and an unknown liquid

1. weigh the unknown object with a scale, record the weight

2. fill a graduated cylinder if a little bit of water, record this volume (V_initial)

3. add the object into the graduated cylinder, record this volume (V_final)

4. subtract V_final - V_initial

   1. then plug it into the density equation

density equation

mass / volume

giga (G)

10⁹

mega (M)

10⁶

kilo (k)

1000

hecto (h)

100

deca (da)

10

deci (d)

.1 (10⁻¹)

centi ( c)

.01 (10⁻²)

mili (m)

.001 (10⁻³)

micro (µ)

.000001 (10⁻⁶)

nano (n)

.000000001 (10⁻⁹)

how to find % in a hydrate

% H₂O = mass H₂O / mass of hydrate (OG)

mass of H₂O =

mass of crucible, cover and sample - the mass of crucible, cover and sample after 1st heating.

mass of hydrate (OG) =

mass of crucible, cover and sample - mass of crucible, cover

tetrahedral

4 pairs of shared electrons (4 lines)- only single bond, 109.5 degrees

linear

2 pairs of shared electrons - both single bonds, 180 degrees

bent

2 pair of shared electrons - can both be single or double bond, 105 degrees

trig planer

3 pairs of shared elections - 2 single and 1 double bond , 120 degrees

trig pyramidal

three pairs of shared electrons (3 lines), 107 degrees