Detente and End of Cold War

Non-proliferation treaty (+ Nixon elected in this year)

1968

Prague Spring

1968

Soviet-Afghan War

December 1979 - February 1989

Ronald Reagan presidency

1981-89

Mikhail Gorbachev elected general secretary

1985

Economic issues USSR (4)

War in Afghanistan, financial and military aid to left-wing african regimes, industrial output behind West, global economic depression in early ‘80s

‘Star Wars’ / Strategic Defence Initiative announced

1983, start of more spending on arms

Beginning of Ostpolitik (Willy Brandt elected)

1969

Moscow Treaty, Warsaw Treaty, Prague Treaty (years, 3 whats)

1970, 1970, 1973 - agree on frontiers, Ger abandoned Hallstein Doctrine (only 1 ger could be in UN), more collaboration

4 Power treaty on Berlin, Basic Treaty (GDR, FRG) (when & 2 whats each)

1971 - unimpeded traffic WB to FRG + right to visit EB, 1972 - both equal sovereign states, ‘Letter concerning German Unity’

SALT I

1972

Helsinki Agreement (year, who, what)

1975, 33 Euro states + US + Canada: security, cooperation in all areas

USSR missiles in East Euro + GB/FRG missiles

1976, 1983 (missiles in FRG)

Solidarity Crisis in Poland

1980-81, economic and social issues → solidarity movement allowed, ended in martial law instead of soviet intervention

Geneva Summit (first in 6 years)

November 1985

Reykjavik Summit (‘Zero Option’ proposed)

1986

Washington Summit (entire category of missiles abolished)

December 1987

Reagan visits Kremlin

1988

Gorbachev’s policies / approaches

Glasnost (openness), Perestroika (economic and political reform/own road to socialism)

USSR opening up under Gorbachev (3)

Fax machine, pop culture, no fear of free speech

Free mulitparty elections held in USSR

March 1989

Hungary takes down barbed wire fence to Austria

1989

Free elections in Poland (defeat of communism)

June 1989

Warsaw Pact Summit (Honecker + Ceausescu against changes)

July 1989

East Germans fleeing through Hungary (3)

August 1989, 150,000, Honecker closed border

Escape through Prague (3)

Summer 1989, 7,000 within first days, Honecker ‘expelled’ them

40 Years GDR ‘celebration’ - Protests (3)

October 1989, Leipzig and Berlin, Soviets stopped GDR troops from intervening

Honecker voted out of office (replaced by Krenz)

17 October 1989

Restrictions on travel lifted (end of Berlin wall)

9 November 1989

Free elections held in Germany

March 1990

Two plus Four Treaty signed

September 1990

Germany reunited

3 October 1990

Dissolution of USSR

26 December 1991

FRG and GDR join UN

1973