International Politics Ch. 3

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Paradigm

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51 Terms
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Paradigm

a theoretical approach that includes one or more theories that share similar philosophical assumptions

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System (Level of Analysis)

a level of analysis that focuses on the analysis of the state system, like a democracy.

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State (Level of Analysis)

a level of analysis that focuses on the analysis of the foreign policy behavior of states in terms of state characteristics; nations, countries, etc.

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Substate (Level of Analysis)

a level of analysis that focuses on the analysis sub-national, regional locations in terms of characteristics and behaviors

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Individual (Level of Analysis)

a level of analysis that focuses on the analysis of group and organizational events in terms of a single person's traits or behaviors.

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Theory

generalized explanation for a set of essentially similar phenomena; specific statements about how international politics work

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Realism

a theory of the international system, which claims that the system is anarchic, states are its primary actors, states are unitary actors, and states are rational actors.

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N. Machiavelli

A government official in the medieval city-state of Florence who wrote about the laws of politics for the wise statesman, focusing on how the state could defend itself from domestic and foreign enemies

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T. Hobbes

Author of the influential work Leviathan in which he argued that government had to be autocratic in order to prevent a slide back into anarchy.

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Hegemonic

ruling or dominant in a political or social context; ex: Holy Roman Empire

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Unitary

forming a single or uniform entity.

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Rational Behavior

a decision-making process that is based on making choices that result in the optimal level of benefit or utility for an individual.

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National Interest

A foreign policy goal that is objectively valuable for the overall well-being of the state. The concept is important in realist theory and in foreign policy discussions, but some dispute that there is any single national interest.

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Deter

discourage (someone) from doing something by instilling doubt or fear of the consequences; prevent from occurring

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Security Dilemma

The difficult choice faced by states in anarchy between arming, which risks provoking a response from others, and not arming, which risks remaining vulnerable

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Game Theory

the study of mathematical models of strategic interactions among rational agents.

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Prisoner’s Dilemma

A game theory scenario in which noncooperation is the rational strategy, but leads to both players being worse off than if they had cooperated

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Paradox

a statement that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is perhaps true

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Preponderance

the quality or fact of being greater in number, quantity, or importance.

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Economic Sanction

commercial and financial penalties applied by one or more countries against a targeted self-governing state, group, or individual.

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Amoral

lacking a moral sense; unconcerned with the rightness or wrongness of something.

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Altruistic

disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others.

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Pundit

an expert in a particular subject or field who is frequently called upon to give their opinions to the public.

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Status Quo

Latin phrase meaning the existing state of affairs, particularly with regard to social, political, religious, or military issues.

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Critiques

a detailed analysis and assessment of something, especially a literary, philosophical, or political theory.

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Liberalism

political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, and equality before the law; believe individuals are rational and can understand their interests; more diverse than realism

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Mitigated

make (something bad) less severe, serious, or painful.

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J. Locke

argued that free citizens could live peacefully without an authoritarian ruler; argued that individuals could freely join together to form governments that would protect them from anarchy without resorting to authoritarianism

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Authoritarianism

the enforcement or advocacy of strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom.

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Inalienable Rights

rights that are guaranteed; the enjoyment of life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness, and the acquiring and possessing of property.

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Pessimistic

negative; tending to see the worst aspect of things or believe that the worst will happen.

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Contingent

occurring or existing only if (certain circumstances) are the case; dependent on; a group of people sharing a common feature, forming part of a larger group.

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Negotiate

obtain or bring about by discussion.

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Stark

severe or bare in appearance or outline.

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Interdependence Theory

a theory that discards focus on the state; Focusing on multiple actors leads to a view of politics that is complex, multifaceted, and characterized by collaboration; Mostly focused on the sub-state level

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Liberal Institutionalism

Systemic-level counterpoint to realism; Shares many realist assumptions; Rethinks implications of anarchy on state behavior; thinks that international organizations are crucial

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Premise

a previous statement or proposition from which another is inferred or follows as a conclusion.

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Reciprocity

the strategy of matching the other player’s previous move

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Incentives

a thing that motivates or encourages someone to do something.

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Institutions

an established law or practice.

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Treaty

a formally concluded and ratified agreement between states.

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G-8 countries

Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the USA, and the UK.

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Verification

the process of establishing the truth, accuracy, or validity of something.

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Bureaucratic

relating to a system of government in which state officials take most of the important decisions rather than elected representatives.

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Viable

capable of working successfully; feasible.

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Complex Interdependence Theory

Substate, but not exclusively; focuses on individuals, firms, nongovernmental organizations, and organizations within governments as key actors; States are not the only important actors. Actors have diverse interests in international politics. Much of international relations has little to do with military security

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Peril

a serious and immediate danger.

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Polarizing

divide or cause to divide into two sharply contrasting groups or sets of opinions or beliefs.

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Diplomacy

the profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations, typically by a country's representatives abroad.

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Boycott

withdraw from commercial or social relations with (a country, organization, or person) as a punishment or protest.

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Nuance

a subtle difference in or shade of meaning, expression, or sound.

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