Building Bridges Exam 1 Review

What is anatomy?

The study of bodily structure

What is histology?

The microscopic study of tissue structure

What is physiology?

The study of normal organismal/tissue function

What is pathology?

The study of the causes and effects of disease with lab experimentation of samples for diagnostic or forensic purposes

What does hematoxylin stain?

Nucleic acids => blue

What does eosin stain?

Cytoplasmic elements => pink/red

What does trichrome stain blue?

Collagen

What does trichrome stain red/orange?

Epithelium and muscle

What does verhoeff-van gieson stain?

Elastic fibers => black

How can we see cellular structures in tissues?

Using light microscopy and stains

Does the verhoeff-van gieson stain other structures besides elastic fibers?

No

What does the periodic acid schiff (PAS) stain for?

Mucopolysaccharides => magenta

What does the PAS stain look for?

Organisms (fungus)

What does the grocott methenamine silver (GMS) stain?

Type 3 collagen, fungus, and other microbes => black

What does the Ziehl-neelsen acid-fast bacilli (AFB) stain?

Mycobacterium => purple-ish

What examples of organisms the AFB stain looks for?

TB and leprosy

What color does giemsa stain RBCs?

Pink

What color does giemsa stain leukocyte nuclei?

Purple

What is immunocytochemistry?

A light microscopy technique to visualize proteins w/in cells using biomolecules capable of binding to a target of interest

What are tissues?

Organized aggregates of cells that function in a collective and coordinated manner

What are the four main tissue types?

Epithelium, connective, muscle, and nervous

How many layers are the branchial arches?

Three

What covers the exterior of the branchial arches?

Ectoderm

What lines the internal surfaces of the branchial arch?

Endoderm

What forms the core of the branchial arch?

Mesoderm

What are examples of body parts with ectodermal origin?

Epidermis, hair, nails, cornea, enamel

What are examples of body parts with endodermal origin?

Alimentary/GI tract, liver, respiratory tract, pancreas

What are examples of body parts with mesodermal origin?

Kidneys, ureters, adrenal cortex, gonads

What does epithelial function depend on?

Location and organ

What is a function of all epithelium?

Protection

Functions of skin epithelium

Barrier, sweat, Vit D synthesis

Functions of intestinal and kidney epithelium

Nutrient absorption

Functions of glandular epithelium

Secretion

Functions of tooth epithelium

Produce enamel matrix

What are the three types (shapes) of epithelial cells?

Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

What does simple imply?

One cell layer thick

What does complex or stratified imply?

2 or more cell layers thick

What connects epithelium to connective tissue?

The basement membrane

What is the basement membrane?

A non-cellular structure made of proteins

Where might you find simple squamous cells?

Endothelium, mesothelium

Where might you find simple cuboidal cells?

Kidneys

Where might you find simple columnar cells?

GI, ameloblasts

Where might you find stratified squamous cells?

Skin

Where might you find pseudo-stratified columnar cells?

Nose / respiratory tract

What functions do simple squamous cells have?

Oxygen exchange, CO2 exchange, protection, produce proteins

What functions do simple cuboidal cells have?

Absorption, secretion, active ion transport

What functions do simple columnar cells have?

Absorption and secretion

Where is the nucleus positioned in simple columnar cells?

Towards the basement membrane

Where can you find stratified squamous cells?

Throughout skin and mucosal tissue

What does the basement membrane help with?

Maintaining structural integrity of the tissues

Where does the nucleus lie in pseudo-stratified columnar cells?

Anywhere in the cell

What is the function of cilia on pseudo-stratified columnar cells?

To help move debris along

What is intermixed in pseudo-stratified columnar cells?

Goblet cells that secrete mucous

What is the function of the mucous produced by goblet cells?

To catch debris

What is transitional epithelium?

A special type of epithelium that can expand and contract

Where is transitional epithelium found?

Urothelial structures (bladder)

How do transitional epithelium cells present?

With a rounded surface

What are cytokeratins?

A cytoplasmic protein that is produced by ALL epithelial cells and helps with strucutral integrity

How is tissue level integrity determined?

By epithelial cell polarity

Describe the apical 'free' surface of epithelial cells

Faces empty space and where nutrients enter

Describe the function of the lateral surfaces of epithelial cells

For adhesion and communication

Describe the basal surface of epithelial cells

An extracellular matrix adhesion

What are the three types of apical specializations?

Microvilli, stereo-cilia, and cilia

What are apical specializations for?

To move debris and increase absorption by increasing surface area

What are apical specializations made of?

Proteins

Describe microvilli

Very tiny, cross-linked actin filaments

Describe stereo-cilia

Similar to microvilli but longer

Describe cilia

Contains protein cubulin and microtubule core in 9+2 orientation

What are epithelial junctions?

A collection of proteins on lateral surfaces

What are the three types of epithelial cell junctions?

Occluding, gap, and anchoring

Describe occluding (tight) junctions

Only found in epithelium, nothing gets through, needs active transport, found on lateral wall near apical surface, determine and maintain polarity

Where might you find tight junctions?

Kidneys and intestines

Describe gap (communicating) junctions

Composed of proteins called connexins, not restricted to epithelial cells, directly connects cytoplasm of two cells, allows direct passage of small molecules between adjacent cells

Describe exocrine glands

Produce secretions that leave via ducts

Describe endocrine glands

Produce secretions that enter into the bloodstream

What are some examples of exocrine glands?

Salivary, sweat, sebaceous, mammary

What are some examples of endocrine glands?

Pituitary, pancreas, ovaries, testes thyroid, adrenal

Describe merocrine gland secretions

Membrane-bound vesicles fuse to plasma membrane in apical surface with exocytosis of contents (ex: sweat)

Describe apocrine gland secretions

Secretions surrounded by plasma membrane (ex: lipid droplets in breast milk)

Describe holocrine gland secretions

Secretory product and dying cell debris discharged together (ex: sebaceous glands in skin)

What is oral medicine?

The field of dentistry that deals with diagnosis and non-surgical treatment of oral mucosal diseases, orofacial pain, systemic disease, salivary gland disorders, and management of medically complex pts

What is the purpose of the medical interview?

Establish rapport, gather information, offer information

What kinds of information do we get from health histories?

Evidence, context, insight, impact and person

What is adaptive questioning?

Directed questioning that starts general and becomes specific

What is facilitation?

Verbal or non-verbal cues that encourage the pt to say more

What is echoing?

Repetition of the pts words

What is validation?

legitimize or validate a pts emotional experience

What are the components of health history?

Chief complaint

History of Present illness

Past medical history

social history

family history

review of systems

summary

What is a chief complaint?

A statement in the pts own words of why they are seeking care

What is the history of the present illness?

Chronological order of events leading to complaint, 7 symptom attributes

What are the 7 attributes of symptom development?

Location

Quality

Quantity/severity

Timing

Setting

Relieving factors

Associated manifestations

PQRST

Precipitating factors

Quality

Radiation

Severity

Temporal Factors

OLD CARTS

Onset

Location

Duration

Character

Aggravating factors

Relieving factors

Temporal factors

Severity

What is included in past medical history?

Diseases, hospitalizations, Meds, Allergies

What does the social history reflect?

the influence that the environment has on disease

What does family history reflect?

Genetic transmission or predisposition to disease

What is the review of systems?

systematic review of problems that can affect organ systems

Once the health history and medical interview have been done, what is the next step?

Record in writing the findings

What is ethics?

The formal process of intentionally and critically analyzing the basis for your moral judgements for clarity and consistency, evaluation of actions and behaviors

What are morals?

Your own personal choices and beliefs based on upbringing, faith, and experiences