Chapter 12

emotion 

a response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviours, and most importantly, conscious experience resulting from interpretions

James-Lange theory

the theory that our experince of emotion occurs when we become aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus

 Cannon-Bard theory

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaeously triggers physiological and the subjective experience of emotion

two-factor theory

that to experience emotion; one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal

polygraph 

machines used in attempts to detect lies

 facial feedback effect

the tendency of facial muscle activation, alone, to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

 behaviour feedback effect

the tendency of behaviour to influence our own and other’s thoughts, feelings, and actions

happiness

an enduring state or well-being that reflects positive emotional patterns and overall patterns and overall satisfaction with life

 feel-good, do-good phenomenon

our tendency to be helpful when in a good mood

 positive psychology 

a study of human flourishing with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individual and communities to thrive

subjective well-being

self-reported satisfaction with life

 relative deprivation 

the perception that we are worse off relative

resilience

personal strength that helps people cope with stress and recover from aadversity and even trauma

 adaptation-level phenomenon

our tendency to form judgments of sounds of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

 stress 

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events called stressors that we appraise as threatening or challenging

approach and avoidance motives 

the drive to approach or avoid a stimulus

fight-or-flight response 

an emergency response including activation of the sympathetic nervous system that mobilizes energy and acitivity for attacking or escaping a threat

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Selye’s concept of the body adaptive response to stress in three phases—> alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

 tend-and-befriend response 

under stress people often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others

health psychology 

that contributes to behavioural medicine

psychoneuroimmunology 

the study of how psychological,neural, and endocrine processes together affect our immune system and resulting health

coronary heart disease 

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle

Type A 

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressively and anger-prone people

Type B 

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people

cope

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioural methods

problem-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

 emotion-focused coping 

attempting to alleviate stress by attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction

personal control

our sense of being in charge of our environment rather than feeling helpless

 learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation humans and other animals learn when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

learned optimism

hopeful thinking that interprets setbacks as temporary and controllable rather than permanent and pervasive

 external locus of control

the perception that outsides forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

 internal locus of control 

the perception that we control our own fate

self-control 

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

emotion regulation 

how we manage our emotions

aerobic exercise 

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness that also helps alleviate depression and anxiety

mindfulness meditation

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgemental and accepting manner