Chapter 11 - Theories of Covalent Bonding

Atomic orbitals

Atomic orbitals

________ with equivalent energies can be combined or removed to produce bonding or antibonding MOs.

MO

A(n) ________ can only contain two electrons with opposing spins (Pauli exclusion principle)

Shapes

________ with enlarged valence shells are less significant for d- Orbital hybridization.

VB

Because ________ theory successfully explains the molecular geometries of molecules with expanded valence shells, we will continue to use the traditional approach of including d- orbital hybridization for molecules with expanded valence shells in this text for simplicity, while acknowledging its limitations.

reality

In ________, hybridization is a mathematical notion that helps us understand the chemical world.

constructive interference

The overlap of the two orbitals indicates that their wave functions are in phase (________; as referenced to the image attached), and therefore the amplitude between the nuclei rises.

covalent bond

A(n) ________ develops when the orbitals of two atoms overlap and a pair of electrons occupy the overlap area, according to the basic premise of VB theory.

maximum capacity

The space produced by the overlapping orbitals has a(n) ________ for two electrons with opposing (paired) spins, as required by the Pauli exclusion principle.

VSEPR and VB theories

The ________ are used to explain observed molecule shapes.

Large nonmetal hydrides

________ are not suitable for hybridization.

MOs

________ are filled in ascending energy order (Aufbau principle)

Linus Pauling

________ proposed a theory to explain such phenomena.

overlap of orbitals

Rotation in a bond is limited by the side- to- side ________.

Molecular orbital

________ (MO) theory considers a molecule to be a collection of nuclei with MOs distributed throughout the structure.

electron pair

The ________ is opposing spins.

End to end overlap of atomic orbitals

________ produces a connection, allowing unrestricted rotation of the molecule's linked components.

MOs

________ are filled in descending order of energy by paired electrons with opposing spins.

Bonding MOs

________, whether or, have most of the electron density between the nuclei and are lower in energy than the AOs that combine to create them; antibonding ________ have most of the electron density outside the nuclei and are thus greater in energy.