The Importance of Water and Organic Compounds

chapter 6 and chapter 7

How is water made?

through a covalent bond between hydrogen and oxygen

What is water?

one of the most crucial factors to life and is also one of the most abundant molecules on Earth.

Why is water unique?

it can form different kinds of atomic bonding

Hydrogen Bonding

bonding between hydrogen and one more atoms that have high electronegativity (flourine, oxygen, nitrogen)

Electronegativity

the ability to attract electrons closer to an atoms’ nucleus

What does a electronegativity create?

it creates a positive and negative dipole

Why do dipoles occur?

they occur due to the unequal sharing of electrons between atoms within a molecule

Dipole

refers to two positions within a molecule: a negative position or a positive position

What happens when an electronegative atom attracts electrons towards it?

the atom becomes more negatively charges while the other atoms in the atomic bond or molecule become more positive.

What do electronegative atoms essentially do?

they take in electrons from the atoms around them and make their own atom more negative

How does electronegativity relate to water?

Oxygen is more electronegative then hydrogen, so the oxygen atom is the negative dipole, while the two hydrogen atoms act as positive dipoles.

Polar Molecule

molcules that have dipoles

How are dipoles similar to electric charges

opposite dipoles are attracted to each other like opposite electric charges are.

How do dipoles in water molecules form bonds?

the negative dipole in one water molecule (oxygen) can be attracted to positive dipoles (hydrogen) in various other water molecules, forming hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

How strong are hydrogen bonds?

relatively weak bonds and tend to falter easily and rebuild themselves with various other water molecules

How fast do hydrogen bonds rehabilitate themselves?

hydrogen bonds reform just as fast and they are broken, creating constant cyles of hydrogen bonds of breaking and rebuilding.

This constant cyle of breaking and rebuiling crates what?

They create the flexible surface of water, and strengthen it’s surface tension.

Why is water crucial to life?

plants need it for photosynthesis, fish breathe in water, and humans need it to maintain homeostasis.

What is water’s bizarre ability?

Water has the ability to dissolve various other molecules.

What other element is crucial to life other than hydrogen and oxygen?

carbon

What are the organic elements?

carbon and hydrogen

What are organic compounds?

any molecule creates by the bonding of carbon and hydrogen with other elements.

What are the properties of a carbon atom’s shells?

They contain four valence electrons and space for four more electrons within its valence shell. They are capable of covalent bonding with four different atoms.

Carbon Chain

a long chain composed of only itself, carbon, due to carbon’s ability to bond with other carbon atoms.

Hydrocarbon

the simplest organic compound between hydrogen and carbon.

What are the other essential organic compounds?

elements added onto a hydrocarbon chain and can change its function and complexity.

How many other essential organic compounds are there and what are they?

There are four other essential organic compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

oxygen is added to a hydrocarbon chain, provide an organism with energy

Lipids

larger amount of carbon and hydrogen than oxygen, assisst in storing energy

Proteins

contains oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. required for the function of the body, like its structure and regulation

Nucleic acids

oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, respnsible for storing information that allows the body to create proteins, necessary for reproduction, DNA made of nucleic acids.