Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering core anatomical terms, imaging methods, cellular organization, histological structures, and integumentary concepts based on the study guide.

Anatomy vs physiology

anatomy is the study of human body structure while physiology is study of how these structures function

Surface Anatomy

study that examines external surface features and markings of the body.

Radiological Anatomy

study of internal body structures using medical imaging

Systemic Anatomy

study of the bodies organ systems

Regional Anatomy

study of structures of specific regions or divisions of the body.

Inspection

visually observing the appearance of the body

Auscultation

listening to sounds produced within the body

Percussion

tapping on a body region

Dissection

cutting apart of body tissues to reveal structures

Radiology

A medical imaging technique that uses radiation.

CT

Computed Tomography; cross sectional “slices” 3D images using x-rays and computers

MRI

Magnetic Resonance Imaging; uses magnetic fields and radiation waves to create 3D image

PET

Positron Emission Tomography; a medical imaging technique for viewing internal structures with a labeled isotope.

Sonography

A medical imaging technique that utilizes ultrasound waves.

Which imaging techniques use ionizing radiation?

X-ray/radiology and CT; PET also involves radioactive tracers

Anatomical Position

reference point where the body stands with feet flat, eyes forward, and palms facing forward.

Anatomical Variation

Variations in the human body blueprint that don’t interfere with function

List the levels of structures found in living systems

Organism > Organ system > Organ > Tissue > Cell > Organelle > Molecule > Atom

Organ Systems were covering this semester

Skeletal, Muscular, Cardiovascular, Nervous, Endocrine, Urinary, Respiratory, Digestive, and Reproductive

ipsaletral

same side of body

contralateral

on opposite sides of body

Plasma Membrane

permeable boundary surrounding outer cell

Cytoplasm

material inside cell surrounding the nucleus that includes cytosol, organelles, and inclusions.

Diploid

two complete sets of chromosomes ($2n$); most body cells are diploid

Haploid

single set of unpaired chromosomes ($n$); gametes

Histology

The microscopic study of tissues and their structural organization.

Cross Section

A histological cut made perpendicular to the long axis of a tissue or organ.

Longitudinal Section

A histological cut made parallel to the long axis of a tissue or organ.

Oblique Section

A histological cut made diagonally at an angle between a cross section and a longitudinal section.

Simple Epithelium

Epithelial tissue composed of a single layer of cells extending from the basement membrane to the free surface.

Stratified Epithelium

Epithelial tissue composed of multiple stacked layers of cells.

White Adipose Tissue

a type of connective tissue for lipid storage and thermal insulation.

Brown Adipose Tissue

adipose tissue (fat) specialized for heat production.

Axial Region

The central structural division of the body comprising the head, neck, and trunk.

Appendicular Region

The structural division of the body comprising the upper and lower limbs or appendages.

Compact Bone

Dense bone tissue forming the strong outer portion of bone

Spongy Bone

Porous bone tissue containing a network of trabeculae

Excitable tissues

Nervous tissue, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle; smooth muscle is also excitable.

Endocrine Glands

Glands that secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream without using ducts.

Exocrine Glands

Glands that release their secretions using ducts.

Integumentary System

The organ system composed of the skin (integument) and its cutaneous accessory structures.

Keratinocyte

The predominant cell type in the epidermis that synthesizes the protective protein keratin.

Eumelanin

brown and black melanin in human skin and hair.

Pheomelanin

red to yellow melanin in human skin and hair.

Ribsomes

make proteins

rough er

synthesis and process proteins especially for secretion or membranes

smooth er

lipid synthesis, detox, and calcium storage

Golgi Apparatus

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids

centrosomes

organization of microtubules

Passive Transport

A method of membrane transport that moves substances across the cell membrane without requiring cellular energy expenditure.

Active Transport

A method of membrane transport that requires energy in the cell's usable form to move substances across the cell membrane.

Facilitated diffusion

Passive movement through a membrane protein

osmosis

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

filtration

Movement caused by a pressure difference.

endocytosis

moving material into a cell

exocytosis

moving material out of the cell

What are the two major parts of the cell cycle

interphase and mphase

What happens during interphase

The cell grows and duplicates its DNA

What are the stages of interphase

G₁ → S → G₂

What happens during G₁

Cell growth and normal cellular activity

What happens during S phase

dna is replicated

What happens during G₂

Additional growth and preparation for cell division

What is M phase

The phase involving mitosis and cytokinesis

What is mitosis

Division of the nucleus producing genetically similar nuclei

What is meiosis

Cell division that produces haploid reproductive cells and increases genetic variation

What is the major difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis produces 2 genetically similar diploid cells, while meiosis produces 4 genetically different haploid cells

what are tight junctions?

junctions that form a seal between cells

cell theory

all living things are made of cells

light microscopes

A microscope that uses visible light to magnify specimens

electron microscope

A microscope that uses electrons to produce highly detailed images

Why does cell size matter?

Cells must balance surface-area-to-volume ratio for efficient exchange of materials.

Why cant cells get larger?

they become inefficient

desmosomes

cell-to-cell attachments that resist mechanical stress.

hemidesosomes

Junctions that anchor cells to the basal membrane

What do carrier proteins do

Bind substances and change shape to transport them across the membrane

What are receptor proteins

Proteins that receive chemical signals

What is a histological cross section

results in circular shape

What is a histological longitudinal section

results in long rectangular/tube shape

What is an oblique section

results in oval shape

4 primary tissues are

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue

epithelial tissue

Covers surfaces, lines cavities, protects, secretion, and absorption.

connective tissue

Support, connect, protect, store, and transports

muscle tissue

contraction and movement of body

nervous tissue

communication through electrical and chemical signals

How does epithelial tissue receive nutrients?

Nutrients diffuse from blood vessels in the underlying connective tissue because epithelium is avascular.

simple epethelium

single layer of flat and thin cells; simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar

stratified epithelium

multiple cell layers; stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar

3 connective tissue types

Fibrous, Fluid, and Supportive

What is dense connective tissue

Connective tissue with densely packed fibers.

What is the body's most abundant protein

Collagen

loose connective tissue

Connective tissue with relatively loosely arranged fibers

4 components of blood (fluid connective tissue)

blood platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells, and plasma

What is a gland?

A cell or group of cells specialized for secretion

4 major body membranes

Cutaneous, mucous, serous, and synovial.

mucous membrane

membrane lining passages that open to the outside of the body.

serous membrane

membrane lining closed ventral body cavities and covering organs within them.

synovial membrane

membrane lining movable joint cavities.

cutaneous membrane

skin

is skeletal tissue striated or not?

striated

is cardiac muscle striated or not?

striated and involuntary