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92 Terms

1

Open system

Transfer of energy and matter

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2

Closed system

Transfer of only energy

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3

Isolated system

Transfer of neither energy nor matter

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4

Conversion of energy

Energy can be transformed but not created or destroyed

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5

Entropy

The amount of disorder in a system increases of time

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6

Negative feedback loop

Stabilises the system, counteracts change

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7

Positive feedback loop

Destabilises the system, amplifies change

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8

Tipping point

Minimum amount of change to destabilise a system

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9

Resilient system

Maintains it's stability

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10

Greenhouse effect

Trapping of long wave radiation in the atmosphere

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11

Tricellular model

Polar, ferrel, hadley

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12

Carbon cycle

13

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13

Nitrogen cycle

14

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14

Insolation

Amount of solar radiation that reaches the Earth's surface

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15

Biomes

Forest, tundra, aquatic, grassland, desert

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16

Ecosystem

Community and the physical environment with which it interacts, linked together by energy and matter flows

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17

Community

Group of populations living and interacting with each other in a common habitat

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18

Zonation

Clear change in ecosystems along an environmental gradient

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19

Succession

Change of an ecosystem over time

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20

R strategist species

Short life span and rapid growth

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21

K strategist species

Long life span and slow growth

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22

Species

Group of organisms that share common characteristics and can produce fertile offspring

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23

Habitat

Environment in which a species lives

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24

Population

group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time

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25

Fundamental niche

Full range of conditions and resources in which a species could survive

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26

Realized niche

Actual conditions and resources in which a species exists

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27

Predation

Predator eats prey

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28

Herbivory

Animal eats plant

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29

Parasitism

Parasite benefits at expense of the host

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30

Mutualism

Both organisms benefit

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31

Competition

Organisms compete for a resource

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32

S curve

Exponential growth in population then stationary around carrying capacity (K)

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33

J curve

Exponential growth in population then overshoot and dieback around carrying capacity (K)

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34

Bioaccumulation

Increase in contaminant in an organism or trophic level

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35

Biomagnification

Increase in contaminant along the food chain

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36

DDT

Insecticide for malaria that was banned due to adverse effects on marine and bird species

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37

Species diversity

Richness and evenness of a species

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38

Genetic diversity

Range of genetic material present in a population of species

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39

Natural selection

Survival of species best suited to the niche

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40

Allopatric speciation

Physical barrier leading to speciation

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41

Peripatric speciation

One group is significantly smaller and undergoes speciation

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42

Parapatric speciation

Species is spread out over large geographic area

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43

Sympatric speciation

No physical or geographical barriers but perhaps different niche

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44

Artificial speciation

Creation of species by humans

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45

Gross primary productivity

The amount of energy / biomass converted by producers

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46

Net primary productivity

The gain after respiration by producers in energy / biomass

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47

Gross secondary productivity

Energy / biomass assimilated by consumers

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48

Net secondary productivity

The gain after respiration by consumers in energy / biomass

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49

Maximum sustainable yeild

Less than or equal to net primary / secondary productivity

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50

Pyramid of numbers

Number of individuals at each trophic level

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51

Pyramid of biomass

Biological mass of the standing stock at each tropic level

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52

Pyramid of productivity

Flow of energy through each tropic level

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53

Crude birth rate

Number of births per 1000 per year

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54

Crude death rate

Number of deaths per 1000 per year

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55

Total fertility rate

Average number of births per 1000

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56

Natural increase rate

(CBR - CDR)/10 %

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57

Doubling time

70 / NIR

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58

Natalist policies

Pro or anti increasing birth rate

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59

Natural capital

Natural resources that can produce a sustainable natural income

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60

Natural income

Yield obtained from natural resources

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61

Non point source pollution

Coming from many pplaces

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62

Point source pollution

Coming from one place

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63

Persistent pollution

Can not be naturally broken down

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64

Acute pollution

Effect is seen shortly after pollutant

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65

Chronic pollution

Long time effect of pollutant

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66

Primary pollution

Active on emission

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67

Secondary pollution

Arising from primary pollutants undergoing physical or chemical change

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68

Conservation

Act of preserving something for future generations

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69

Edge effect

Smallest edge to area ratio for better conservation

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70

Flagship species

Charismatic species that people like and suport

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71

Keystone species

Species that holds the system together

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72

Hydrological cycle

55

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73

Great oceanic conveyer belt

57

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74

Eutrophication

Over enrichment of nutrients in waterbody

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75

Soil system

63

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76

Atmosphere

Nitrogen (78%), oxygen (20%), carbon dioxide (0.4%), argon, water vapor, etc.

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77

Troposphere

0 - 12/18 km

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78

Stratosphere

11 - 50 km

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79

Mesosphere

40/50 - 80/90 km

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80

Thermosphere

80/90 - 800 km

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81

Exosphere

800 - 3000 km

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82

Photochemical smog and acid deposition

69

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83

Climate

Atmospheric behaviour over time

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84

Greenhouse gasses

Carbon dioxide, methane, CFC, water vapor

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85

Greenhouse effect impact

76

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86

International cooperation

78

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87

Ecocentrists

Ecology and nature at the centre (biorights, education, self-restraint)

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88

Anthropocentrists

Humans at the centre (taxes, regulations, legislation)

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89

Technocentrists

Technology can solve all

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90

Significant events

81

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91

Carrying capacity

Maximum number of species that can be sustainably supported in a given area

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92

Ecological footprint

Area of land and water required to support a defined human population

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