waikato wars

settler aims entering nz

→ have hopes and aspirations and want to progress (if you’re povo, you don’t want to continue being povo)

→ they were wanting land and there was LAND HUNGER (and english ideas of providence meant acquisition of land demonstrated success)

pre treaty numbers of pakeha

before the treaty, pakeha turned up in small numbers from england

they were also SOJOURNERS meaning they did not want to settle, so they did not care for laws or land - they just wanted women and booze

maori are dominant - 100,000 maori and 2000 pakeha. most interaction occurs up north

the New Zealand Company

set up by Edward Gibbon Wakefield who were organizing sales of land. it was half successful. land sales not working is a key underlying conflict

maori culture

described as being ‘scary’ because of cultural traditions such as haka. they would not move off the land when white people arrived because they were tangata whenua (people of the land)

church influence in New Zealand

lots of different churches in NZ like Wesleyan, Methodist, Anglicans

→ people believe in the humanitarianism of ‘saving the souls’ of maori as they were seen as savages - another motivator for colonisation

→ iwi didn’t want to join church but they gained access to literacy through attending church, meaning they could trade

WHEN EUROPEANS THOUGHT THEY WERE DOING THE LORDS WORK, ANYTHING WAS POSSIBLE AS THEY THOUGHT IT WAS JUSTIFIED

kingitanga

first maori organization against land sales formed in 1858

50s - 60s of pakeha

SETTLERS are arriving - they do care about land and laws

populations begin to balance out - roughly around 60,000 of M and P

the settlers arriving thought they had a right to be there which is DIFFERENT because the people before knew if they misbehaved, they would get killed by Maori

also eurocentrism and racism - because they’re white

power of british empire

• british empire was powerful overseas

• 1850s, BE reaches zenith (highest point)

• britain didn’t lose wars

• indian mutiny in 1857 was a challenge for britain - they delt with survivors was strapping them over cannons and firing them

• soldiers arriving in new zealand would shoot people of colour and were experienced at it

New Zealand as a piece in the british empire

NZ would become a part of the imperial economy supplying dairy and wheat to britain. britain is metropole of BE ( (like Auckland in NZ) → if Auckland does well, NZ does well)

NZ also helps reach cook islands

NZ IS A VERY IMPORTANT PIECE IN BRITISH EMPIRE, DRIVING COLONISATION. MAORI DID NOT SEE THIS, JUST SAW THEIR LAND BEING TAKEN AWAY

1840 inter iwi relations

pakeha are not the point around this time

maori want to beat other maori

OB ARGUES ORIGINALLY, THE COMPETITION IS BETWEEN OTHER TRIBES

Most of the contact occurs up North in Ngapuhi

at this point, the war is highly unlikely

there is a lack of war and conflict (between M and P in this time)

NZ is not important because no major problems or killings

treaty aims for maori

maori were happy to sign treaty - but had different view in mind

Maori wanted more government to control PAKEHA but they don’t want to be told what to do

why a treaty then?

• fear of french and americans - usa was in the pacific in samoa, hawaii, ect

• humanitarian reasons - churches believed it was their duty to save souls

• KEY REASON FOR TREATY - Wakefield schemes 1839, NZ company began sending people over seas. these people want to buy land: Wakefield had friends in government so he pressured them to create a treaty

reasons treaty failed

William Hobson was sent to NZ to get the treaty signed - but Hobson was sick so he wasn’t at his peak

individual fault

key word not translated is sovereignty - kawanatanga = governorship maori did not cede sovereignty as it would mean giving up their rights

translator William Colenso (spoke and wrote te reo) deliberately chose the word kawanatanga

in maori version, land rights were guaranteed - they could keep their land

1840s - 1860s = infant colonization

infant colonization = colonization in development

NZ colony doesn’t work because there is a lack of people and money

KEY FORCES DURING THIS PERIOD (macro overall causes) - colonization and migration

KEY INDIVIDUALS DURING THIS PERIOD (act of individuals) - George Grey and Kingitanga (they are competing sovereignties)

colonization = land and power

migration = disrupt MP to MP

COMBINATION OF INDIVIDUAL AGENCY AND HISTORICAL FORCES LEADING TO WAR IN 1860 IN WAIKATO

maori during 1840s - 1860s

in 1845 after northern wars, maori were not imprisoned - showing they were still in control

in 1850s, change occurs

creeping colonization slowly and steadily beings to marginalized maori as colonial power overcomes NZ

however - Maori have control in flourishing waikato which makes white people jealous as they didn’t want to be buying things of Waikato Maori - another drive for war

war after treaty

• war broke out after treaty

• Ngapuhi went to war over sovereignty NOT land

• local chiefs were taxing boats coming into the harbour so they made money

• after treaty, this becomes crown duty so Maori are unhappy they cannot make money

• ECONOMIC REASONS FOR WAR

• Ngapuhi are also jealous because capital moves from up north to auckland where Ngati Whatua are (and Ngati Whatua and Ngapuhi have tension)

responsible government

• earlier in the time period, limited number of pakeha mean Maori don’t mind selling land

• towards end of the 1850s, numbers of Europeans increase too much and land sales become dirty

• in 1852, settlers get consitution where they get responsible goverment

• BEFORE george grey could at least keep a check on land sales - this is no longer possible