IR EXAMMMM 2 !!!

Clausewitz

Prussian Military leader where war is just a continuation of politics, allies ultimate means of support

Limited war

Achieve certain goal without full scale destruction, war fought for stakes, belligerents do not expend all their resources and have objectives less than complete victory

Total war

A national pulls all of its resources towards the war efforts, fought for political independence or continued existence of one of the parties to the conflict

Imperialism

conquest and rule in global context, can lead to dangerous establishment of empire

Jihad

Arabic for "struggle," internal struggle against unbelief, to be a better Muslim External struggle against the unbelief of unbelievers. call-to-arms to wage war in self-defense of Islamic community under attack

Neo-realism

Kenneth Waltz, peace more likely w balance of power, larger the power asymmetry between states, the greater the chance of war

Hegemony

leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others.

Security community

states that have become 'integrated', sense of community, war highly unlikely b/c so close

Geopolitics

Suggests geographical position is a key determinant of politics a state pursues, especially in relation to security in strategy.

International political economy

The network of economic activity that transcends national boundaries.

NGO

, group engaged in collective actions, not on behalf of gov

TNC

Transnational corporations - collaboration between several countries to address shared challenges.

Gold standard

19th-20th century system where trade was regulated through Gold.

Embedded liberalism

market process backed by (John Ruggie Post WW2 combines free market with government intervention to regulate inequality).

Bretton Woods

Allied nations establish IMF and World Bank Post WW2.

IMF

gives emergency loans to countries in crisis and was created to contain the crisis so it does not spread.

GATT

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - Reduced trade barriers to promote global trade.

WTO

replaced GATT in 1995 as permanent institution covering services, intellectual property, free trade agenda

Inflation

Increase price in services, goods, leads to the decrease in purchasing power.

Stagflation

high inflation occurs alongside stagnant econ growth and high unemployment

Washington Consensus

Belief in 1980 that global welfare is maximized by neoclassical economic politics.

BRIC

Brazil, Russia, India, China. (No country in South can engage North alone- best opition?collective action, act like a Union)

ILO

International Labor Organization; sets labor standards globally.

Doha Round

trade negotiation: Southern states want US/EU to stop subsidizing agrictulture, round of WTO negotiations to reduce agricultural subsidies, slash tariffs, and strengthen intellectual property protection

International Law

principles that constrain behavior of states, produce int. order, attempt to avoid violent conflict, oat milk (not law, but functions like it)

Epiphenomena

international law just a shadow of the real thing (realism)

Multilateralism

Legislation/diplomacy between 3 or more states.

Opinio juris

The recognition by states that they are observing the norm because it constitutes law.

ICC

International Criminal Court for prosecuting war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity

Laws of war

Jus ad bellum- The law governing when states may use force or wage war; Jus in bello- The law governing the conduct of war once launched.

Geneva Conventions

Met several times in which set international treaties that established rules to protect citizens during war, adopted to address experience of WW2

ICTY

International criminal tribunal for Yugoslavia 1993-2017 for war crimes and crimes against humanity.

ICTR

International criminal tribunal for Rwanda 1994-2015 trial for war crimes during the Genocide.

International organization

Institutions made up of 3 or more states.

Neo-Liberals

Don't see ideology as a determining factor, unlike Fukuyama who did identity & constructivism category

EU

European Union formed in 1992, share a single market

jus cogens rule

treaty is void if it conflicts w a euga omnes (obligation to intl community)

AIIB

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, multilateral

Hague Convention

Two peace conferences 1899 and 1907 that extended European Concert system to all sovereign states and enacted methods of diplomacy.

WHO

World Health Organization (ex of org given authority on basis of technical organization)

G20

Group of 20- 1999- composed of advanced and emerging economies with annual finance meetings.

Collective action

How states might cooperate for mutual advantage despite the absence of supranational government.

United Nations

Established in 1945 now consists of 193 countries (The other two countries have observer status).

UN Charter

Legal regime that created the UN as the world's supranational organization- defines the structure and its power.

Security Council

15 members, 5 permanent (Those who won WW2) have the right to veto. almsot all issues have security or peace element

General Assembly

main policymaking body of UN, 193 UN member states very country gets one seat. resolutions on states not binding

Secretary General

implements resolutions of the GA + SC, manage UN bureaucracy, chief administrative officer.

ECOSOC (Economic and Social Council)

The Economic and Social is one of the six principal organs of the UN, responsible for coordinating economic, social, and environmental activities.

Veto

the ability of any permanent member (P5) of the UN Security Council (USA, UK, France, Russia, China) to block any substantive resolution, even if it has majority support.

Chapter VI (UN Charter - Pacific Settlement of Disputes)

requires member states to resolve their conflicts through peaceful means

Chapter VII (UN Charter - Action with Respect to Threats to Peace, Breaches of Peace, and Acts of Aggression)

Security Council has power to use force to maintain or restore international peace and security.

Peacekeeping

deployment of UN presence- military personnel, police, and civilians to conflict zones to maintain peace and security.

Peacebuilding

A broader, long-term process aimed at rebuilding societies after conflicts by addressing the root causes of war.

Diplomacy

negotiation and management of international relations between states through peaceful dialogue.

Agenda for Peace

A 1992 report by UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali outlining strategies for conflict prevention, peacemaking, peacekeeping, and post-conflict peacebuilding.

Responsibility to Protect (R2P)

doctrine stating that the international community must intervene (including military action) when a state fails to protect its population from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, or crimes against humanity.

UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)

A UN agency that works to reduce poverty, promote sustainable development, and improve governance worldwide.

MDG (Millennium Development Goals)

A set of 8 global goals (2000-2015) aimed at tackling poverty, hunger, education, gender equality, child mortality, maternal health, disease, environmental sustainability, and global partnerships.

SDG (Sustainable Development Goals)

A broader and more ambitious framework than the MDGs, the 17 SDGs (2015-2030) focus on economic, social, and environmental sustainability vision by 2030

Significance of NGOs

influence international relations by advocating for policies, providing humanitarian assistance, and holding governments accountable.

ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross)

independent humanitarian organization established in 1863, dedicated to protecting and assisting victims of armed conflict and promoting international humanitarian law (IHL).

Social Movement

A collective effort by a large group of people aiming to bring about social or political change.

Network

decentralized system of actors (e.g., states, NGOs, multinational corporations) that collaborate for common interests without a formal hierarchy.

UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 1325

role of women in peace and security, call for greater participation in conflict resolution, peacekeeping, and post-war reconstruction.

Consultative Status

given to NGOs allows them to participate in UN's work w different rights (can influence decsions by providing expert advise)

Information Politics

A strategy used by advocacy groups and NGOs to gather, spread, and use information to influence international decision-making.

Example of Information Politics

Amnesty International's reports on human rights abuses.

Boomerang Effect (Revisited)

domestic activists bypass their national government's restrictions by seeking international allies (e.g., NGOs, foreign governments) to pressure their government from the outside.

Example of the Boomerang Effect

The anti-apartheid movement in South Africa gained global support, leading to international sanctions and internal reforms.

Global governance

The system of institutions, rules, norms, and procedures that enable international cooperation on issues that transcend national borders, aiming to find and manage collective solutions to global challenges.

Earth Summit (UNCED)

Held in Rio De Janeiro 1992, addressed environment as an international issue and created Agenda 21.

CITES

Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species 1973 following oil pollution from ships.

salience

what is relevant at that moment, get public to care by raising

GMO

debate on whether WTO rules should take precedent over biosafety rules with this

Agenda 21

a non-binding agreement on environmental "best practice"

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change;)

greatest intl effort to generate new scientific knowledge on climate change

Tragedy of the Commons

States overuse shared resources in self-interest which leads to its depletion.

Montreal Protocol

Created to protect the Ozone layer and determine what has a negative effect on it.

Kyoto Protocol

committed industrialized states ro reduce greenhouse gases, suspended in the 2016 Paris Agreement.

Paris Climate Agreement

binding international treaty adopted in 2015 under the UNFCCC, aiming to limit global warming to well below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels.

Public Good

non-excludable and non-rivalrous;, clean air, security, climate stability

Free ride

some countries benefit from public goods without contributing to their maintenance or protection

Externality

when the actions of an individual, business, or country have unintended side effects (positive or negative) on others.

Precautionary Principle

States that if an action or policy has the potential to cause serious or irreversible harm to the public or the environment, precautionary measures should be taken in the absence of complete scientific certainty.

New terrorism

terrorist groups w apocalyptic ideaologies w/system-level goals

State-sponsored terrorism

Terrorism supported directly by a state as an instrument of foreign policy (try to cover it up, sometimes subjective)

Islamic State

jihadist group that controls territory in Iraq + Syria, claiming religious authority over all Muslims

IED (improvised explosive device)

homemade bomb often used to target soldiers and civilians

GCTN (Global counterterrorism Network )

work to combat terrorism through sharing intelligence, military alliances, etc an example is NATO

Dirty bomb

Designed to spread radioactivity, causes contamination and panic over mass casualities

Sharia

Often used to justify violence as an aspect of Islamic law but is then added to their legal systems, "the way/path" religious law of Islam

By-product theory

certain actions not driven by a primary goal but in an effort for secondary benefits

Political entrepreneur

Capitalize on crisis such as terrorism, security threat

Proliferation

spread of WMDs, posing sig. security concerns

WMD

Weapons of mass destruction

NPT (Nuclear non-Proliferation treaty)

those with nukes were not to spread their nukes and those without would not obtain them, trying to prevent spread of the weapons

Dual-use

Nuclear can be used for energy and as a weapons

Weapons-grade

The Uranium/ Plutonium in the nuke is 90% enriched or above

AQ Khan

Father of the pakistan nuke, who later illegally sold it to Iran Korea and Libya

ICBM

Intercontinental ballistic missile can travel 5,500 km or 3,400 miles