Studied by 14 peopleWhat does blood transport?
Dissolved gasses, nutrients, hormones, and watsters to and from all tissues of the body
What does blood regulate?
Body temperature, pH, and electrolyte levels
Coagulate
Bloods response to an injury through the use of enzymes and other proteins.
How do white blood cells provide immunity?
Disabling and removing bacteria, viruses, and other foreign compounds
How does blood stabilise body temperature?
Absorbing heat from muscles and distributing it throughout the body
The three components blood is made of
Plasma, White blood cells and platelets, and Red blood cells
Plasma
A mixture of 92% water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, and wastes
Three proteins in plasma…
Albumin, Globulin, and Fibrinogen
Albumin
Helps the transportation of lipids
Globulin
Includes antibodies that attach to bacteria and viruses
Fibrinogen
Part of blood clotting
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
Transport oxygen from the lungs to body cells and contrints hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
A protein that binds to oxygen and causes the red colour of blood and red blood cells
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
Circulate throughout blood and fight disease and infection. They are larger than red blood cells and have a nucleus
Platelets
Fragments of cells that aid in blood clotting
Spleen
An abdominal organ that removes and recycles old red blood cells, holds a reserve of blood, produces antibodies, and filters bacteria and viruses
Antibodies
Proteins that attach to and disable bacteria and viruses
Lymph nodes
Contain large numbers of leukocytes that help to filter bacteria, viruses, foreign particles, and cancer cells.
Hematopoiesis (Erythrocyte Production)
Occurs within the red bone marrow, and is regulated by the kidneys
[Negative feedback cycle] Drop in blood O2 levels
Kidneys release the hormone erythropoietin, blood marrow releases more red blood cells
[Negative feedback cycle] Normal O2 levels
Kidneys stop producing erythropoietin, blood cell production stops
Antigens
The proteins that the surface of each red blood cell is covered with
ABO blood type
Determined by the presence of A and B antigens
Positive or Negative
Blood type is determined by the presence of the Rh antigen
Agglutination Test
Where antibodies are added to a blood sample to test what type of blood someone has.
What indicates a positive result in an agglutination test?
Clumping of the blood
Transfusions
Transfer donated blood from one individual to another
Hemolytic Reaction
Takes place when the immune system of the recipient attacks the blood cells from the donor
How can a patient safely receive blood?
Blood that contains the same antigens as them or fewer
What blood type is the universal donor and why?
O- because it will not cause a reaction in any patient
What blood type is the universal reciever and why?
AB+ because these patients can safely receive any blood type
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
A test that analyses the number of each blood cell and platelet
Anemia
Lack of red blood cells and/or hemoglobin
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Limits the production of erythrocytes
Pernicious Anemia
Caused by a deficiency in B vitamins
Sickle-Cell Anemia
A genetic disorder that causes misshapen erythrocytes
Polycythemia
A condition where the percentage of red blood cells is too high. Results in high blood pressure and a risk of blood clot formation
Anemia
Normal Blood
Sickle-Cell Anemia
Polycythemia
Leukemia
a form of cancer that causes an overproduction and release of immature white blood cells
Leukemia
Circulatory System
Includes the heart and all blood vessels that circulate throughout the body
Pulmonary Circuit
Carried blood between the lungs and the heart
Systemic Circuit
Carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body
Heart
A muscular organ that serves as a double-pump for blood
What side of the heart pumps blood through the pulmonary circuit?
The Right Side
What side of the heart pumps blood through the systemic circuit?
The Left Side
Tricuspid Valve prevents…
Right Atrium and ventricle from backflow
Mitral Valve prevents…
Left atrium and ventricle from backflow
Aortic Valve prevents….
Aorta and left ventricle from backflow
Pulmonary Valve prevents…
Right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Coronary Arteries
Supple the heart muscle with oxygen
Coronary sinus
Deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle is collected here in the right atrium
[Pacemaker] Sinoatrial Node
Originated an electrical impulse, which travels across the atria
[Pacemaker] Atrioventricular Node
Receives the signal and passes i through two bundle branches
[Pacemaker] Bundle Branches
Transmit an impulse towards the apex
Purkinje Fibers
Carry the contraction impulse through the muscle of the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract
Electrocardiograms (ECGs)
Measure electrical impulses coming from the heart, creating a graph of the output
P Wave
Atria Contact
QRS Wave
Ventricles Contract
T Wave
Ventricles relax and rest
What is the normal resting heart rate for most people?
60-100 bpm
Bradycardia
Heart rate that is below 60 bpm
Tachycardia
A contraction of the ventricles or atria at a rate above 100bpm
Heart attack
Caused by a blockage in one of the coronary arteries, disrupting flow of oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
Coronary Bypass
Transplants a vein from another part of the body (usually the leg) onto the heart. The blood gets rerouted around the blockage
Angioplasty
A narrow balloon is inserted into the blocked vessel. It is then inflated, expanding the vessel
Stent
If a vessel does not stay expanded on its on, the mesh-like object can be inserted to hold it open
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
An abnormal thickening of the heart muscle wall, which decreases the heart’s ability to pump blood
Arteries
Carry blood AWAY from the heart
Veins
Carry blood TOWARDS the heart
Capillaries
Move blood from the arteries to veins, and allow the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
What had a smaller lumen, but a thicker wall of smooth muscle and elastic fibers?
Arteries
What has a larger lumen, with a thin layer of muscle and elastic fibers?
Veins
Valves
Only in veins to prevent backflow as blood flows upwards
What has the smallest lumen, often just large enough for blood cells to move through single file
Capillaries
Blood Pressure
A measurement of the pressure inside of the large arteries of systemic circulation
Systolic Pressure
Peak pressure caused by the contraction of the ventricles in the heart
Diastolic Pressure
Low pressure caused by the refilling of the ventricles in the heart
What is the normal blood pressure range?
120-140 / 80-90
Atherosclerosis
A buildup of lipids, calcium, or cell debris that gradually restricts blood flow
Aneurysm
A weakening of the wall of a blood vessel, causing it to bulge outwards. It can lead to the vessel bursting and/or the formation of a thrombus. More likely when a patient has high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, or a history of smoking
Hemostasis
The stoppage of bleeding from a break in a blood vessel
Platelet Plug
When Platelets attach to the wall of a broken blood vessel
Thrombin
A plasma protein that platelets activate
Fibrin
Sticks to the plug, Thrombin activates it
How much blood would you have to lose for Hemorrhagic shock?
More than 30%
How much blood can you lose with few side effects?
Less than 15%
Hemophillia
A hereditary disorder that impairs the body’s ability to control blood clotting. Results in minor injuries always being serious issues
Thrombus
A blood clot in a vessel that us not broken
Embolus
A thrombus that breaks away, floats in the bloodstream, and clogs a vessel farther away (e.g. the brain)
Hematoma
A swelling of clotted blood within a tissue
Foramen Ovale
Lungs are nonfunctional and are bypassed by the hole (fetal circulation)
Umbilical Cord
Transports oxygenated blood from the mother to the placenta
Umbilical Arteries
Transports deoxygenated blood from the placenta back to the mother
AB-
A-
O-
Note
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