Cardiovascular System

A study guide based on the "Cardiovascular System" slide show and study guide created by Mr. Crocetti

What does blood transport?

Dissolved gasses, nutrients, hormones, and watsters to and from all tissues of the body

What does blood regulate?

Body temperature, pH, and electrolyte levels

Coagulate

Bloods response to an injury through the use of enzymes and other proteins.

How do white blood cells provide immunity?

Disabling and removing bacteria, viruses, and other foreign compounds

How does blood stabilise body temperature?

Absorbing heat from muscles and distributing it throughout the body

The three components blood is made of

Plasma, White blood cells and platelets, and Red blood cells

Plasma

A mixture of 92% water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, and wastes

Three proteins in plasma…

Albumin, Globulin, and Fibrinogen

Albumin

Helps the transportation of lipids

Globulin

Includes antibodies that attach to bacteria and viruses

Fibrinogen

Part of blood clotting

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

Transport oxygen from the lungs to body cells and contrints hemoglobin

Hemoglobin

A protein that binds to oxygen and causes the red colour of blood and red blood cells

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

Circulate throughout blood and fight disease and infection. They are larger than red blood cells and have a nucleus

Platelets

Fragments of cells that aid in blood clotting

Spleen

An abdominal organ that removes and recycles old red blood cells, holds a reserve of blood, produces antibodies, and filters bacteria and viruses

Antibodies

Proteins that attach to and disable bacteria and viruses

Lymph nodes

Contain large numbers of leukocytes that help to filter bacteria, viruses, foreign particles, and cancer cells.

Hematopoiesis (Erythrocyte Production)

Occurs within the red bone marrow, and is regulated by the kidneys

\[Negative feedback cycle\] Drop in blood O2 levels

Kidneys release the hormone erythropoietin, blood marrow releases more red blood cells

\[Negative feedback cycle\] Normal O2 levels

Kidneys stop producing erythropoietin, blood cell production stops

Antigens

The proteins that the surface of each red blood cell is covered with

ABO blood type

Determined by the presence of A and B antigens

Positive or Negative

Blood type is determined by the presence of the Rh antigen

Agglutination Test

Where antibodies are added to a blood sample to test what type of blood someone has.

What indicates a positive result in an agglutination test?

Clumping of the blood

Transfusions

Transfer donated blood from one individual to another

Hemolytic Reaction

Takes place when the immune system of the recipient attacks the blood cells from the donor

How can a patient safely receive blood?

Blood that contains the same antigens as them or fewer

What blood type is the universal donor and why?

O- because it will not cause a reaction in any patient

What blood type is the universal reciever and why?

AB+ because these patients can safely receive any blood type

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

A test that analyses the number of each blood cell and platelet

Anemia

Lack of red blood cells and/or hemoglobin

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Limits the production of erythrocytes

Pernicious Anemia

Caused by a deficiency in B vitamins

Sickle-Cell Anemia

A genetic disorder that causes misshapen erythrocytes

Polycythemia

A condition where the percentage of red blood cells is too high. Results in high blood pressure and a risk of blood clot formation

Anemia

Normal Blood

Sickle-Cell Anemia

Polycythemia

Leukemia

a form of cancer that causes an overproduction and release of immature white blood cells

Leukemia

Circulatory System

Includes the heart and all blood vessels that circulate throughout the body

Pulmonary Circuit

Carried blood between the lungs and the heart

Systemic Circuit

Carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body

Heart

A muscular organ that serves as a double-pump for blood

What side of the heart pumps blood through the pulmonary circuit?

The Right Side

What side of the heart pumps blood through the systemic circuit?

The Left Side

Tricuspid Valve prevents…

Right Atrium and ventricle from backflow

Mitral Valve prevents…

Left atrium and ventricle from backflow

Aortic Valve prevents….

Aorta and left ventricle from backflow

Pulmonary Valve prevents…

Right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Coronary Arteries

Supple the heart muscle with oxygen

Coronary sinus

Deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle is collected here in the right atrium

\[Pacemaker\] Sinoatrial Node

Originated an electrical impulse, which travels across the atria

\[Pacemaker\] Atrioventricular Node

Receives the signal and passes i through two bundle branches

\[Pacemaker\] Bundle Branches

Transmit an impulse towards the apex

Purkinje Fibers

Carry the contraction impulse through the muscle of the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract

Electrocardiograms (ECGs)

Measure electrical impulses coming from the heart, creating a graph of the output

P Wave

Atria Contact

QRS Wave

Ventricles Contract

T Wave

Ventricles relax and rest

What is the normal resting heart rate for most people?

60-100 bpm

Bradycardia

Heart rate that is below 60 bpm

Tachycardia

A contraction of the ventricles or atria at a rate above 100bpm

Heart attack

Caused by a blockage in one of the coronary arteries, disrupting flow of oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

Coronary Bypass

Transplants a vein from another part of the body (usually the leg) onto the heart. The blood gets rerouted around the blockage

Angioplasty

A narrow balloon is inserted into the blocked vessel. It is then inflated, expanding the vessel

Stent

If a vessel does not stay expanded on its on, the mesh-like object can be inserted to hold it open

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

An abnormal thickening of the heart muscle wall, which decreases the heart’s ability to pump blood

Arteries

Carry blood AWAY from the heart

Veins

Carry blood TOWARDS the heart

Capillaries

Move blood from the arteries to veins, and allow the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide

What had a smaller lumen, but a thicker wall of smooth muscle and elastic fibers?

Arteries

What has a larger lumen, with a thin layer of muscle and elastic fibers?

Veins

Valves

Only in veins to prevent backflow as blood flows upwards

What has the smallest lumen, often just large enough for blood cells to move through single file

Capillaries

Blood Pressure

A measurement of the pressure inside of the large arteries of systemic circulation

Systolic Pressure

Peak pressure caused by the contraction of the ventricles in the heart

Diastolic Pressure

Low pressure caused by the refilling of the ventricles in the heart

What is the normal blood pressure range?

120-140 / 80-90

Atherosclerosis

A buildup of lipids, calcium, or cell debris that gradually restricts blood flow

Aneurysm

A weakening of the wall of a blood vessel, causing it to bulge outwards. It can lead to the vessel bursting and/or the formation of a thrombus. More likely when a patient has high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, or a history of smoking

Hemostasis

The stoppage of bleeding from a break in a blood vessel

Platelet Plug

When Platelets attach to the wall of a broken blood vessel

Thrombin

A plasma protein that platelets activate

Fibrin

Sticks to the plug, Thrombin activates it

How much blood would you have to lose for Hemorrhagic shock?

More than 30%

How much blood can you lose with few side effects?

Less than 15%

Hemophillia

A hereditary disorder that impairs the body’s ability to control blood clotting. Results in minor injuries always being serious issues

Thrombus

A blood clot in a vessel that us not broken

Embolus

A thrombus that breaks away, floats in the bloodstream, and clogs a vessel farther away (e.g. the brain)

Hematoma

A swelling of clotted blood within a tissue

Foramen Ovale

Lungs are nonfunctional and are bypassed by the hole (fetal circulation)

Umbilical Cord

Transports oxygenated blood from the mother to the placenta

Umbilical Arteries

Transports deoxygenated blood from the placenta back to the mother

AB-

A-

O-