(278) Chapter 5: Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Related Disorders

What is the interrelation between fear and anxiety?

Fear is the central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a specific threat, while anxiety is a response to a vague sense of threat or danger.

How long must symptoms persist for a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

Symptoms must persist for six months or more.

What are the common symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder?

Symptoms include edginess, fatigue, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep problems.

What is the prevalence of anxiety disorders in the U.S. adult population in any given year?

About 18 percent of the U.S. adult population experience one of the six DSM-5 anxiety disorders.

What is the focus of cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder?

Cognitive-behavioral therapy focuses on changing dysfunctional thinking patterns and behavior that contribute to anxiety.

What distinguishes a panic attack from normal anxiety?

A panic attack involves sudden and intense fear that peaks within minutes and includes symptoms such as increased heart rate, sweating, and feelings of impending doom.

What is a key therapeutic technique used in cognitive-behavioral therapy for OCD?

Exposure and response prevention exercises help individuals confront their fears without engaging in compulsive behaviors.

How do obsessions differ from compulsions in OCD?

Obsessions are persistent intrusive thoughts, while compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce anxiety.

What is the cognitive-behavioral perspective on the cause of social anxiety disorder?

Social anxiety disorder may stem from negative beliefs about performance, leading to avoidance behavior and increased anxiety in social situations.

Describe the concept of metacognitive theory in relation to generalized anxiety disorder.

Metacognitive theory suggests that worrying about worrying (meta-worry) is a central problem for individuals with generalized anxiety disorder.

What is the estimated prevalence of individuals suffering from OCD in any given year?

Between one to two percent of the U.S. population suffers from obsessive-compulsive disorder.

What does systematic desensitization entail in the treatment of phobias?

Systematic desensitization involves gradual exposure to the feared object or situation while teaching relaxation techniques.

What could be a biological explanation for panic disorder?

Panic disorder could be linked to abnormal norepinephrine activity in brain circuits, leading to heightened panic responses.

What is a significant factor contributing to the development of generalized anxiety disorder among African Americans?

Socioeconomic stressors, such as poverty and ongoing social conditions, contribute to a higher prevalence of GAD in African Americans compared to White Americans.

What treatment combines medication with psychotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Combination therapy involving serotonin-based antidepressants and cognitive-behavioral therapy is often effective for treating OCD.

What defines agoraphobia?

Agoraphobia is the fear of being in situations where escape may be difficult or help unavailable, typically leading to avoidance of public spaces.

What role do defense mechanisms play in psychodynamic theory regarding anxiety disorders?

Defense mechanisms are seen as strategies to protect the ego from anxiety produced by unacceptable thoughts and impulses.

How does the humanistic perspective explain generalized anxiety disorder?

The humanistic perspective posits that lack of unconditional positive regard during childhood leads to harsh self-standards and anxiety in adulthood.

What type of anxiety disorder is characterized by persistent fear of being judged in social situations?

Social anxiety disorder.

What are some common compulsions associated with OCD?

Common compulsions include cleaning, checking, counting, and ordering.

What are the three main types of anxiety disorders according to the DSM-5?

The three main types of anxiety disorders are Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Panic Disorder, and Social Anxiety Disorder.

What is the impact of chronic stress on anxiety disorders?

Chronic stress can exacerbate anxiety disorders, leading to more severe symptoms and difficulty in management.

What role does genetics play in the development of anxiety disorders?

Genetic factors can contribute to the risk of developing anxiety disorders, as they may influence neurotransmitter systems and stress response.

How can lifestyle changes improve symptoms of anxiety disorders?

Lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, healthy diet, adequate sleep, and mindfulness practices can help reduce anxiety symptoms.

What is the significance of mindfulness-based therapy in treating anxiety disorders?

Mindfulness-based therapy helps individuals become more aware of their thoughts and feelings in the present moment, reducing anxiety and promoting emotional regulation.

What is the difference between situational and generalized anxiety?

Situational anxiety is tied to specific situations or triggers, while generalized anxiety is a more pervasive worry that is not linked to particular events.

What is the role of serotonin in mood regulation and anxiety?

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in mood regulation; low levels are often associated with anxiety and depression.