Biology 2 Exam 1 vocab/ events/ experiments/ people

unit 25 and 26

homology

describes the existence of shared ancestry or structural correspondence between traits, genes, or mathematical spaces

prokaryotes

no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotes

have nucleus/ membrane bound organelles

central dogma theory

states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA then to Protiens

Endosymbiosis

a biological relationship in which one organism lives inside of another, mutually benefiting each other and often leading to the evolution of new cellular structures.

allopatric speciation

the formation of new species when populations of the same organism become geographically isolated, reducing gene flow and allowing independent evolution until reproductive isolation occurs. (occurs when a physical barrier—such as mountains, rivers, oceans, deserts, or distance—splits a population, preventing regular interbreeding. Over generations, isolated groups accumulate genetic differences through mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift, eventually becoming distinct species)

Adaptive radiation

the evolution of diversely adaptive species from a common ancestor

Heterochrony

Evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events

paedomorphosis

the rate of reproductive development accelerates compared to stomatic development

stomatic development

major development in the body during puberty

Homeotic Genes

Determines basic features such as where body parts are located and arranged

hox genes

a group of regulatory genes that determine the body plan and segment identity

phylogeny

the evolutionary history of a species or group of species.

Systematics

a discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining evolutionary relationships between living and extinct organisms.

Taxonomy

the discipline that determines how organisms are named and classified

Taxon

named taxonomic unit at any level (Panthera taxon at genus level)

Genus

refers to the closest group to which a species belongs, first name in binomial nomenclature

epithet

refers to one species within each genus, second same in binomial nomenclature

Macroevolution

The broad pattern of evolution above the species level

Miller Urey Experiment

produced amino acids and organic material from suggested atmospheric conditions

Montmorillonite

a soft mineral clay produced by the weathering of volcanic ash

ribosome

a cellular structure that synthesizes proteins by translating genetic information from messenger RNA (mRNA)

Transcription

The process in which RNA polymerase synthesizes an RNA molecule from a DNA template, producing messenger RNA (mRNA) or other RNA types for gene expression.

Reverse Transcription

the synthesis of DNA from an RNA template, a process that reverses the traditional “central dogma” of molecular biology, which describes information flow from DNA → RNA → protein. It is carried out by an enzyme called reverse transcriptase (RT), also known as an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase.

Translation

the biological process by which cells synthesize proteins by decoding messenger RNA (mRNA) into a specific sequence of amino acids.

Strata

layers of sedimentary rocks that can tell us the order in which sedimentary rocks were formed, cannot tell us ages

Radiometric Dating

the most common technique for dating rock strata based on the decay of radioactive isotopes

isotopes half life

the amount of time it takes for a material to decay to 50% of the original mass, this is unaffected by temperature, pressure, or other environmental variables

Genome

a COMPLETE set of genetic material that an organism has, holds the history to their evolution

Phenotype Equation

Phenotype= Genome x Environment

What do you need to know to construct a Phylogenetic Tree?

You need to know common genetic sequences of the species you are classifying. These are then compared to create an accurate tree of ancestors and descendants based on genotype