Anatomy and Physiology: Blood and Heart Review

These vocabulary flashcards cover key concepts from the lecture on blood components, hematology disorders, cardiac anatomy, electrical conduction of the heart, and blood vessel physiology.

Normal pH of blood

The typical blood pH ranges between $7.35$ or $7.45$.

Hematocrit

A measurement of the percentage of erythrocytes in a sample of blood, typically using a volume of $100 \text{ microliters}$.

Albumin

The most abundant plasma protein, used for transportation and to help maintain the blood's osmotic pressure.

Fibrinogen

The least abundant plasma protein, which is used for blood clotting and becomes fibrin threads.

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

Bio-concave cells that lack a nucleus and are unable to undergo mitosis, containing a central molecule of iron that binds oxygen.

Red Blood Cell Lifespan

On average, these cells live about $120 \text{ days}$.

Hemoglobin Alpha Chain

A polypeptide chain in hemoglobin made of $101$ amino acids.

Hemoglobin Beta Chain

A polypeptide chain in hemoglobin made of $146$ amino acids.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A hormone that stimulates the synthesis of red blood cells, produced by liver cells.

Spleen and Liver

The two organs where old red blood cells go to die.

Blood Doping

The practice of injecting EPO into the blood to increase red blood cells, making the blood thicker and causing the heart to work harder.

Sickle Cell Disorder

A genetic disease that provides resistance against malarial infections but causes abnormal hemoglobin and makes cells more likely to rupture.

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

A condition where a mother's body makes antibodies against a baby's blood due to incompatible blood types (typically an Rh negative mother and Rh positive baby).

Polycythemia

A condition characterized by too many red blood cells, caused by chronic hypoxia, dehydration, or increased EPO, which puts a strain on the heart.

Neutrophils

The most abundant white blood cells, which are needed for inflammation and infection and can phagocytize bacteria.

Eosinophils

White blood cells that are elevated during a parasitic infection.

Basophils

White blood cells elevated during allergic reactions that are responsible for releasing histamine.

Lymphocytes

The second most abundant white blood cells, associated with viral infections and cancer.

Killer T Cells

T lymphocytes that destroy cancer or virus cells.

Helper T Cells

T lymphocytes that assist in B cell functions.

B Cells

White blood cells that function to create antibodies.

SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease)

A white blood cell disorder where the individual is unable to produce enough enzyme to detect infection.

Mononucleosis (Mono)

An illness caused by the Epstein Barr and Cytomegalovirus, characterized by fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, and a sore throat.

Blood Clotting Requirements

The four main components needed are platelets, calcium, fibrin (from fibrinogen), and thrombin (from prothrombin).

Thromboembolism

A platelet disorder where a clot formed breaks up from its site of origin and gets plugged in another vessel.

Hemophilia

A genetic clotting disorder characterized by the lack of a specific clotting factor; Hemophilia A lacks Factor $8$ and Hemophilia B lacks Factor $9$.

Thrombocytopenia

A clotting disorder where there are too few platelets, either due to quick destruction or slow production.

Antigen

The protein structure on the surface of a red blood cell that determines blood type.

Antibody

The protein structure in the plasma that acts against whatever antigens a person lacks.

Universal Donor

A person with blood type O negative.

Universal Recipient

A person with blood type AB positive.

Agglutination

The clumping together of blood cells due to rejection from incompatible blood types.

RhoGAM

A medication given to Rh negative mothers to reduce or reverse symptoms of hemolytic disease.

Right Atrium

The heart chamber that receives blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.

Right Side Heart Circuit

The side of the heart responsible for pulmonary circulation.

Left Side Heart Circuit

The side of the heart responsible for systemic circulation.

Tricuspid Valve

The valve that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle.

Aortic Semilunar Valve

The valve that separates oxygen-rich blood in the left ventricle from the systemic circuit.

Pulmonary Veins

Structures that deliver oxygen-rich blood from the lungs into the left atrium.

Heart Dimensions

On average, the heart is $14 \text{ centimeters}$ long and $9 \text{ centimeters}$ wide.

Epicardium

The outer wall of the heart, which is the same structure as the visceral pericardium (the innermost pericardial layer).

Myocardium

The middle layer of the heart wall made up of cardiac muscle.

Endocardium

The layer of the heart wall that is continuous with the tunica interna and touches the blood.

Chordae Tendineae

String-like structures that attach to the cusps of the heart valves.

Papillary Muscles

Anchors that secure the chordae tendineae within the heart.

Trabeculae Carneae

Beams and bridges that create increased surface area inside the wall of the heart.

Interventricular Septum

The structure that separates oxygen-rich blood in the left ventricle from oxygen-poor blood in the right ventricle.

Stenotic Murmur

A heart murmur characterized by a tight valve.

Prolapsed Murmur

A heart murmur characterized by a leaky valve.

SA Node

Located in the superior wall of the right atrium, it initiates the heart's electrical signal.

Bundle of His and Purkinje Fibers

Electrical structures that travel down the interventricular septum to innervate the ventricles for contraction.

Cardiac Center of the Brain

The medulla oblongata, which uses the accelerans and vagus nerves to regulate heart rate.

Bradycardia

A slow heart rate, typically less than $60 \text{ beats per minute}$ in adults.

Tachycardia

A fast heart rate, greater than $100 \text{ beats per minute}$ in adults.

Coronary Arteries

Blood vessels that come directly off the aorta and supply the heart organ with oxygen-rich blood.

Angina

Radiating chest pain resulting from a partial blockage in a coronary artery.

Myocardial Infarction

Also known as a heart attack, caused by a complete blockage in a coronary artery.

Electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG)

A test used to determine heart rate and electrical activity within each chamber for contraction and relaxation.

Tunica Externa

The outermost blood vessel layer, made of dense irregular connective tissue.

Tunica Media

The middle blood vessel layer, made of smooth muscle.

Tunica Intima (Interna)

The innermost blood vessel layer, made of simple squamous epithelium.

Aneurysm

A ballooning of a blood vessel caused by stretching.

Hypertension

High blood pressure, which is the most modifiable risk factor for stroke.

Types of Stroke

Ischemic stroke (block of blood flow) and Hemorrhagic stroke (broken vessel bleeding into the brain).

Pulmonary Embolism

A blockage in an artery leading to the lungs that prevents the lungs from getting oxygen.

Antecubital Fossa

The location on the forearm where a stethoscope is placed over the brachial artery to listen during a blood pressure reading.

Heparin (High Concentration)

An anticoagulant that binds to and inactivates thrombin.

Heparin (Low Concentration)

An anticoagulant that activates antithrombin and permanently deactivates factors $9$, $10$, and $12$.

Protamine Sulfate

A heparin antagonist.

TPA (Tissue Type Plasminogen Activator)

A serine protease used to dissolve clots by adhering to fibrin and absorbing plasminogen.

Antifibrinolytics

Medications that limit fibrinolytic activity to promote clotting.

Von Willebrand Disease

The most common blood clotting disorder.