AP World History Exam Review Flashcards

Flashcards covering key topics from the AP World History exam review notes.

What philosophical system had a revival in Song China and emphasized hierarchical relationships?

Confucianism

What is filial piety according to Confucianism?

Honoring ancestors, which translates to honoring rulers

What is Neo-Confucianism?

A blend of Confucianism with Buddhist and Daoist philosophical ideas

How were women relegated in Song China?

Subordinate position with restricted legal rights and property ownership. Also foot binding.

What was the purpose of the Imperial Bureaucracy in Song China?

Government officials spread across China to enforce laws/rules and helped maintain their rule

What principles was the Civil Service Exam based on?

Confucian Principles

How did Korea and Vietnam relate to China in the period of 1200-1450?

Both maintained tributary relationships with China

Name 3 East Asian countries influenced by China during the period of 1200-1450.

Korea, Japan, and Vietnam

Name Chinese influences in Korea.

Civil service exam, Confucian principles, marginalized role of women

Name Chinese influences in Japan.

Imperial bureaucracy, Buddhism, Chinese writing system

Name Chinese influences in Vietnam.

Confucianism, Buddhism, Chinese literary techniques, civil service exam

Name the 4 Noble Truths of Buddhism.

Life is suffering, we suffer because we crave, we cease suffering when we cease craving, the 8-fold path leads to the cessation of suffering and craving

What is Theravada Buddhism?

Buddhism mainly restricted to monks; only available to select few.

What type of Buddhism was mainly in East Asia, made Buddhist teachings available to all, emphasized compassion, and made Buddha into object of devotion?

Mahayana Buddhism

What type of Buddhism emphasized more mystical practices?

Tibetan Buddhism

Describe the commercialization of the economy in Song China.

Produced more goods than were needed to survive, and then sold the excess on the world market and used paper money

What agricultural innovation led to a population explosion in Song China?

Champa Rice, a drought-resistant and harvestable twice a year crop

What religion is ethnic in nature, originated in the Middle East and is monotheistic?

Judaism

What religion was established by the Jewish prophet Jesus Christ? Followers began spreading message of salvation by grace after crucifixion and the Roman empire eventually adopted it.

Christianity

Which religion was founded by Prophet Muhammad on the Arabian Peninsula and taught followers that salvation would be found in righteous actions?

Islam

Name the 4 New Islamic States that Rise.

Abbasid Caliphate, Seljuk Empire, Mamluk Sultanate, Delhi Sultanate

Which Islamic state was ethnically Arab and in power during the Golden age of Islam?

Abbasid Caliphate

What did Nasir al-Din al-Tusi invent?

Geometry

What religion provides conditions for a unified culture in India by structuring Indian society with the caste system?

Hinduism

What religion was founded in India, carries over the cycle of reincarnation and the ultimate goal is to dissolve into the oneness of the universe, rejected the caste system, wasn’t ethnically restricted, open equality for all?

Buddhism

What is the Bhakti Movement?

Encouraged believers to worship one particular god of all the Hindu gods, rejected hierarchy of Hinduism, and encouraged spiritual experiences to all people, regardless of social status

Which religion is a more mystical, spiritual experience-based version of Islam?

Sufism

What struggled with imposing Islam on India?

Delhi Sultanate

Name key facts of the Srivijaya Empire.

Buddhist state, but heavily influenced by Indian Hindu culture and controlled Strait of Malacca and taxed ships, making them filthy rich

Which empire was founded as a Hindu Empire and built Angkor Wat, later added Buddhist influences into the same building?

Khmer Empire

Which Mesoamerican Civilization built huge urban centers, had most sophisticated writing system, had advanced mathematics, including working with concept of zero?

Maya Civilizations

What did the Maya Civilization emphasize?

Human sacrifice to recharge the Sun

Which Mesoamerican Civilization had built up their military prowess and strategically married into more powerful families?

Aztec Empire

What was the Aztec Empire's motivation for expansion?

Religious motivation (human sacrifice)

How did the Inca administer their empire?

Centralized power with massive bureaucracy and Mit’a system labor

Describe religion in the Inca empire.

Religion centered political structure and had vast networks of roads and bridges

Which culture was established in the Mississippi River valley, was the first large-scale civilization in North America, and had a hierarchical society developed around agriculture?

Mississippian Culture

What was the memorial nature of the Mississippian civilization?

Acted as burial sites for important people and hosted religious ceremonies on tops of mounds. Largest, most significant mound was built in urban center of Cahokia

Which civilization was established in the Southwest portion of the present U.S.A and developed innovative way of transporting and storing water?

Chaco & Mesa Verde Civilizations

Where did the Swahili civilization emerge?

Africa’s East coast in 8th century

What important factors did the location of the Swahili Coast provide them?

Access to bustling Indian Ocean Trade which merchants were interested in gold, ivory, timber, and slaves from

What language did Islam influence in the Swahili language?

Hybrid between the Bantu family of languages (indigenous) and Arabic (outside).

What common feature did Swahili and Song China share?

Expanded wealth by participating in trade beyond their borders and had a hierarchical class structure that organized society

What facilitated participating in Indian Ocean trade, and controlled several ports on the coast and mainly exported gold?

Great Zimbabwe

How did Hausa Kingdoms gain power and wealth?

Through trade across the trans-saharan trade network

Why didn't Ethiopia fit well with other states in Africa?

It was Christian

What was facilitated trade and the spread of culture and ideas across Eurasia in and before the period 1200-1450 and exchanged luxury items, especially Chinese Silk?

Silk Roads

Name the rise of banks in Europe.

Banking houses were introduced

What provided safety for merchants from plunderers and became centers of cultural exchange & diffusion?

Caravanserai

Name the new trading cities.

Kashgar and Samarkand

How did Islamic merchants diffuse culture?

Spread Islam, Buddhist merchants spread Buddhism

Who united various Mongol groups under him and ruled under title Chinggis Khan?

Temujin

What did Kublai Khan set up?

New Chinese Dynasty, namely the Yuan Dynasty

How did cultural diffusion happen during the Mongol Empire?

Mongols had a high opinion of intellectuals and skilled artisans so it was the Mongol policy to send skilled people to all different parts of the empire

What network of sea routes connected the various states throughout Afro-Eurasia through trade?

Indian Ocean Network

Name main causes of expansion for the Indian Ocean Network.

Collapse of Mongol Empire, ability to buy goods on credit, ability to take to the ocean with Transportation technologies (magnetic compass, Astrolabe, knowledge of Monsoon Winds, Improvements in shipbuilding)

Name major Indian Ocean Trade Cities.

Swahili City-States, Malacca, Gujarat

What are Diasporic Communities?

A group of people from one place who establish a home in another place while retaining their cultural customs

Who was commissioned by the Ming Dynasty to explore the Indian Ocean and enroll other states in China’s tributary system?

Zheng He

What routes connected North Africa and the rest of the Mediterranean world with the interior of West Africa and the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa?

Trans-Saharan Routes

What transportation technologies helped with the Trans-Saharan Routes expansions?

Camels, saddles, caravanserai

Name main trans-Saharan goods.

Gold, Kola nuts, Horses, Salt

What empire Converted to Islam, allowing for ease of access into the Trans-Saharan Trade Network and all of Dar-al-Islam?

Empire of Mali

In the Empire of Mali, who was Mansa Musa?

Sultan who During his Hajj, gave so much gold into Egyptian economy, the value of gold diminished, almost running the economy

What is a Literary and Artistic Transfer?

Muslim Scholars translated and commented upon classical works of Greek and Roman philosophy at the House of Wisdom

Name the expansion of cities from the Networks of exchange that led to increasing wealth and power of trade cities.

Hangzhou, Samarkand & Kashgar

Due to increased safety of these routes, who traveled all over Dar-al-Islam and has travels’ were important because he wrote about them, which helped his readers develop and understanding of far-flung cultures across world?

Ibn Battuta

Diffusions of bananas.

First domesticated in SE Asia, due to Indian Ocean Trade, they were brought over to East Africa, where the lush rainforests were perfect to grow bananas

What was introduced to China by the Champa Kingdom in Vietnam and resulted in more food = more babies and population explosion?

Champa rice

Pax Mongolica led to increased trade and communication in Eurasia so when the Bubonic Plague erupted in Northern China, it was quick to spread to other regions by what?

Trade routes

Because they were land-based, got power from the land, and each Empire was expanding geographically, what was the main cause of that Expansion?

Adoption of gunpowder weapons

Name the Gunpowder Empires.

Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, Mughal Empire, Qing Dynasty

How Sacking and renamed location in the Ottoman Empire, did it become a crown jewel of the empire?

Sacked Constantinople in 1453, renamed it Istanbul

Who Established in beginning of 1500s grew under Shah Ismael, declared state as Shia Muslim Made them an opponent to neighboring Sunni Muslim empires, the Ottomans and the Mughals?

Safavid Empire

Who Replaced the Delhi sultanate in the 16th century under leadership of Babur and made use of an expanding military with gunpowder cannons and guns to expand the empire?

Mughal Empire

With decline of Mongol rule in China, new dynasty was established, namely Ming dynasty, which was ethnically Han By 1500s, Ming dynasty was falling apart, which allowed for Manchus to invade and set up what Empire?

Qing Dynasty

series of wars fought in 17th century between the Safavid and Mughal Empires and both Empires wanted to expand into what Gulf?

Persian

What did rulers during the Legitimizing and Consolidating Power communicate to all their subjects WHO is in charge?

Legitimize

What refers to Measures that a ruler use to take power from other groups to claim it for him/herself?

Consolidate

Ottomans staffed their imperial bureaucracy will highly trained individuals, most of whom were enslaved in what system?

Devshirme system

What happened in European Monarchs claimed to rule by divine right of kings

Ruled with the approval of Jesus himself

What Palace was built for the French Monarch Louis XIV(the 14th)?

Palace of Versailles

In Mughal Empire employed local landowners known as zamindars to collect taxes throughout the empire on behalf of the emperor in what

Zamindar System

What Empire had the Right ot tax subjects that went to highest bidder Whoever got that right was authorized to collect taxes from a particular group of people and they enriched themselves by collecting more taxes than were legally required, thus padding their own pockets?

Ottoman Empire

This was a split in the Church was present and active on most states Massive split occurred in 11th century. What was the name of the Church?

Christianity in Europe

This person didn’t see anything in Bible that said sins could be exchanged for money or that Church offices could be bought, wrote series of complaints known as 95 theses announcing all corrupt practices and doctrines he saw in church.

Martin Luther

Islam in Middle East

Both Ottomans and Safavids wanted beat back other and claim territory for their own

Had similar practices with mystical movement in Islam, namely Sufism, leading to some exchange and bleeding of practices What belief changes in South Asia?

Bhakti movement

What new religion blended elements of Islam and Hinduism and demonstrated continuity as it held onto significant doctrines in both beliefs like a belief in one god and the cycle of death & reincarnation?

Sikhism

What Technology was adopted during Sea based European Exploration that determines latitude and longitude?

Astrolabe

What technology was adopted during Sea based European Exploration that are Triangular-shaped sails that Takes wind on either side?

Lateen Sail

What Country made the Caravel and carracks for Sea based European Exploration?

Portugal.

What Country made to Fluyt, but smaller crews required for Sea based European Exploration?

Dutch

Result of significant change to the distribution of power in European states.

State Sponsored Exploration

Prince Henry to sponsor first Maritime Expedition with what Countries?

Technology, Economics, Religion

Which country could find a westward route to the Indian Ocean, Couldn’t find one because it didn’t exist, Eventually established French Colonies in North America, such as Quebec and Mainly established presence with trading posts?

France

Had Gained independence from Spain, Emerged as wealthiest state in all of Europe and started competing for trading posts around Africa and eventually dethroned the Portuguese as kings of the Indian Ocean trade. Who would this Describe?

Dutch Republic

What Columbian Exchange Transfer of new diseases, food, plants, and animals?

Transfer of New Diseases, food Plants and animals

List American foods to Europe

Potatoes, manioc, maize

What Was Portugal content with setting up?

Small trading posts