Topic 3.10: Organization and Maintenance of Organisms

These flashcards cover key concepts from the lecture on aerobic and anaerobic respiration, their equations, and the implications for energy production in living organisms.

What yields a lot of energy in the presence of oxygen?

Aerobic respiration

How much energy does anaerobic respiration yield in the absence of oxygen?

Relatively small amounts of energy

Define aerobic respiration.

The chemical reactions in cells that use oxygen to break down nutrient molecules to release energy.

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

What is the balanced molecular equation for aerobic respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

What are some uses of energy in the human body?

Muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, heart function, growth, temperature regulation, waste removal, digestion, and absorption of food.

Define anaerobic respiration.

The chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules to release a relatively small amount of energy, in the absence of oxygen.

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles during strenuous activity?

Glucose → lactic acid

What is the balanced chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?

C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

Describe the production of lactic acid in muscles during exercise.

Lactic acid forms as a product of anaerobic respiration when the circulatory system cannot supply enough oxygen to muscles.

What happens to lactic acid after exercise?

It is oxidized into glucose, carbon dioxide, and water in the liver, as part of repaying the oxygen debt.

How does temperature affect the rate of respiration in germinating seeds?

Lower temperatures decrease the rate of respiration, while higher temperatures increase it.

What is anaerobic respiration in human tissues during strenuous exercise?

Glucose is broken down without oxygen, producing lactic acid and only two ATP molecules.

What is a key characteristic of yeast in anaerobic respiration?

Yeast ferments glucose to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.

What role does yeast play in baking bread?

Yeast undergoes anaerobic fermentation to produce carbon dioxide, which makes the dough rise.

What role does yeast play in brewing?

Yeast breaks down sugars to produce alcohol in wine-making.

Compare the energy released by aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.

Aerobic respiration produces 38 ATP molecules per glucose (large energy), while anaerobic respiration produces only 2 ATP molecules per glucose (small energy).