3) England's relations with Scotland and other foreign powers 1485-1509

According to the spec: securing succession & marriage alliances...

What were Henry’s main foreign policy aims? (4 aims)

1. Ensuring national security

2. Ensure recognition of the Tudor dynasty (e.g. marriage, pretenders…)

3. Ensure English trade prospered

4. Cheap - ‘a rich king is a strong king’

What year was the Treaty of Redon signed?

1489

Explain the Treaty of Redon, 1489…

1. After a French invasion of Brittany, Henry summoned Parliament to grant £100,000 to finance a force between 3000-6000 soldiers. BECAUSE:

   • felt a sense of obligation as Brittany was where he lived for many years (grew up in exile).

   • feared direct French control over Brittany could threaten England.

2. Although Parliament granted the funds, Duchess Anne of Brittany signed the Treaty of Redon, 1489, to pay for a small army to defend against the French.

Why could the Treaty of Redon, 1489, be seen as successful/ unsuccessful?

Successful;

• Henry effectively gained money - Anne had agreed to pay for the army so the grant was no longer needed but Henry kept it.

  ‘A rich King is a strong King.’

• short term stopped France from gaining territory.

Unsuccessful;

• The French eventually annexed Brittany anyway in 1491, leading to the Treaty of Etaples.

• French hosted Warbeck at court in response.

Explain the conditions of the Treaty of Medina del Campo + what year was it? (5)

1489

• England and Spain agreed to work together and defend their lands - establishing an Anglo-Spanish alliance that would last for much of the Tudor reign.

• Neither would make agreements with France without discussing it with each other first.

• Established equal trading rights and fixed custom duties

• Agreed not to harbour enemies (e.g. Pretenders)

• Marriage agreement between C of A and Prince Arthur (married in 1501) - including dowry.

Why could the Treaty of Medina del Campo 1489 be seen as successful/ unsuccessful?

Successful;

• National security - agreed to work together to defend lands and established a long lasting Anglo-Spanish alliance.

• Cheap - through marriage alliance received a large dowry of money and jewels.

• Legitimacy and recognition of dynasty - Spain agreed not to harbour pretenders, demonstrating that they recognise Henry as the true King of England. Marriage alliance also demonstrates recognition of the Tudor dynasty.

• Secured trade - established fixed custom duties and and equal trading rights.

What year was the Treaty of Etaples and explain the conditions of the treaty? (5)

1492

• Henry led an army of 12,000 to Brittany to fight against the French army.

• after negotiations, English army left Brittany in exchange for 750,000 crowns to be paid in annual installments.

• France agreed to no longer support Henry VII enemies (such as pretenders).

• French army also left Brittany, leaving it a defacto state.

• Henry transferred any unused parliamentary funds into the royal treasury.

Why did Henry VII gamble and lead an army into Brittany, considering he aimed to avoid war?

France had newfound interest in northern Italy - Milan - and Henry decided to take a chance and assume that they did not want a prolonged conflict.

Also it was at the end of the campaigning season^.

How could the Treaty of Etaples 1492 be seen as successful/ unsuccessful?

Successful';

• Cheap; pocketed unused parliamentary funds and gained annual installments of 50,000 crowns (adding up to 750,000 crowns).

• National Security; French army left Brittany, effectively making it a de facto state. Peaceful relations were also relatively intact as Henry made it clear he acted only in defence of Brittany.

• Recognition of Tudor dynasty - French agreed to no longer harbour enemies (pretenders).

When was the trade embargo on Burgundy and what ‘treaty’ brought it to an end?

Began in 1493, lasted until 1496 when the Intercursus Magnus was signed.

Describe the events leading to the trade embargo upon Burgundy?

Margaret of Burgundy, her son-in-law Maximilian who was HRE and his son Phillip of Burgundy all hosted Perkin Warbeck in their respective courts.

Henry placed the trade embargo on Burgundy as a response.

What did the trade embargo on Burgundy prove and why was this important?

*Hinge evidence - the trade embargo put two of his foreign policy aims into conflict.

• Henry VII foreign policy aim of securing the dynasty took priority over his foreign policy aim of securing trade.

• Woolen cloth was England’s largest export + Antwerp (Burgundy) was largest export market = angered cloth merchants.

  • consequently instructed Merchant Adventurers to relocate from Antwerp to Calais to limit damage.

Explain the conditions of the Intercursus Magnus 1496…

• allowed English merchants to trade freely in all Burgundian territories (except Flanders), leading to a 60% increase in cloth exports (at the end of Henry’s reign).

  = custom duties rose significantly.

What were the events that caused the Truce of Ayton, when was it signed, and what did it establish?

• Scottish King James IV hosted Perkin Warbeck (pretender) at court in 1495. Warbeck stayed for 2 years.

• Warbeck invaded England with a small Scottish army in 1496 - unsuccessful.

• In response, Henry went to parliament to grant tax in order to prepare an English army to invade Scotland.

• Established peace between Scotland and England in 1497.

How could the Truce of Ayton be viewed as successful/ unsuccessful?

Successful;

• National security - no meaningful truce between the two countries had existed previously since 1328.

• Dynasty - Perkin Warbeck no longer able to remain at Scottish royal court under royal protection.

Unsuccessful;

• Not cheap/ threatened National security - Cornish rebellion occurred as a result of Parliament raising taxes for English army to invade Scotland.

What were the problems related to the ‘marriage’ between C of A and Prince Arthur?

• issues and disagreements regarding the size of dowry, which was paid in installments (never actually completed).

How did the death of Prince Arthur in 1502 affect Anglo-Spanish relations?

• Henry VII immediately proposes marriage between younger son, Henry, and C of A.

• Ferdinand is reluctant to marry off his daughter to a Prince of an unconsolidated crown.

• Anglo-Spanish relations are tense- appear to be breaking.

What year was the Treaty of Perpetual Peace signed in and what were the conditions?

1502

• Marriage of King James IV and Princess Margaret in 1503.

How could the Treaty of Perpetual Peace be viewed as successful?

• Recognition of the Tudor Dynasty - demonstrated that the Tudors were acceptable to other nations despite their recent acquisition of the throne.

• National Security - resulted in positive Anglo-Scottish relations for the rest of Henry VII’s reign.

Describe the impacts of the Death of Queen Isabella of Castille… (4)

• weakened kingdom of Spain.

• Henry then becomes less willing to marry Henry to C of A.

• Ferdinand of Spain marries niece of French King (Louis XII) and allies with France.

• Henry supported Joanna’s (sister of C of A and wife of Philip of Burgundy) claim to the Spanish throne over Ferdinand’s.

Explain the Treaty of Windsor/ Malus Intercursus and what year was it signed in…. (5)

1506 - NEVER ACTUALLY PUT INTO PRACTICE!

• between Henry VII and Phillip of Burgundy

• negotiated an extremely favorable trading position for English merchants.

• Phillip of Burgundy and Maximilian agreed to hand over the Earl of Suffolk (potential Yorkist claimant to the throne) - did happen.

• proposed marriage between widowed Henry VII and Margaret of Austria (Phillip’s sister).

• Henry agreed to support Joanna’s and Phillip’s claim to the Spanish throne.

How could the Treaty of Windsor/ Malus Intercursus be viewed as successful/ unsuccessful (if put into practice)?

Successful;

• Promoting trade - removed all duties from English textile exports (considering cloth was England’s biggest export).

• Recognition of dynasty - marriage agreement (although never happened).

• National Security - Earl of Suffolk was handed over (this did actually happen & Henry VII promptly imprisoned).

Unsuccessful;

• Ferdinand ensured the marriage between Henry and C of A would never happen in Henry VII’s lifetime.

Why was the Treaty of Windsor/ Malus Intercursus, signed in 1506, never put into practice?

Phillip of Burgundy dies almost immediately after arriving in Spain. Ferdinand claims that Joanna had gone mad with grief = Ferdinand continued to be Regent of Spain.

What was the League of Cambrai and what year was it established?

1508

• a military coalition between the main European powers; Spain, France and the HRE…aimed against the Republic of Venice.

• England was left out.

How could the fact that England was left out of the League of Cambrai 1508 be viewed as positive/ negative?

Positive;

• diverted attention away from England at a vulnerable time - end of Henry VII’s life (1508 - dies in 1509).

• Helped achieve Henry VII’ foreign policy aim of avoidance of war.

Negative;

• highlighted that they were on the sidelines of European power.

Explain the situation in Ireland which led to Poyning’s Law being introduced…

• since 12th century, Monarchs of England have been granted title by Pope - ‘Lord of Ireland’.

• Earl of Kildare acted as Lord Deputy of Ireland on Henry’s behalf, however he had Yorkist sympathies.

  • supported Simnel in 1486 and Warbeck in 1491.

Explain ‘Poyning’s Law’ and when was it introduced?

1494-95

• Henry VII removed Kildare and appointed an Englishman, Sir Edward Poyning’s, as Lord Deputy of Ireland.

• aimed to bring Irish legislation under English control.

Why did Poyning’s Law fail and what happened after to Ireland?

• proved too expensive.

• When Warbeck returned to Ireland in 1495, Henry reverted to ruling Ireland through Earl of Kildare to restore order.

• Kildare decided to put aside his Yorkist sympathies and support Henry for the remainder of his reign.

How could the implementation of ‘Poyning’s Law’ be viewed as unsuccessful/ successful?

Unsuccessful;

• failed as too expensive and Henry had to revert back to old system.

Successful;

• Supported recognition of dynasty - rid Ireland of pretenders (Simnel 1486 and Warbeck 1491).

• Cost-benefit analysis - aguably cheaper in the long-term as it may have prevented a war or rebellion.

• National Security - Earl of Kildare now backed Henry VII and order was restored to Ireland.

*Hinge evidence: sacrificed aim of cheap for national security/ recognition of dynasty.

When were the Navigation Acts signed and what were their conditions?

1485 and 1489

• sought to protect English merchants by mandating that English goods be carried on English ships (protecting England from Hanseatic League).

How could the Navigation Acts (1485 and 1489) be viewed as successful/ unsuccessful?

Successful;

• provided framework for England’s later maritime expansion.

Unsuccessful;

• not a dramatic success in boosting shipping initially.

How did trade develop overall through Henry VII’s reign? (5 bullet-points)

• Custom duties rose from £33,000 to £40,000 per annum by 1509.

• Trade clauses made up in key Treaties (Etaples, Medina del Campo, Magnus/Malus Intercursus…)

• Navigation acts (1485 & 1489).

• In 1489, a treaty encouraging trade with Portugal & in 1490, a treaty allowing wool exports to Pisa = both challenging Venetian dominance.

• 1492 - heavy import duty on wine carried in Venetian ships was imposed = England’s Mediterranean trade grew throughout the period.

How did exploration develop in the reign of Henry VII?

• Not as aggressive in comparison to other countries.

• 1497 - sponsored John Cabot’s expedition to North America, which led to the discovery of Newfoundland and it’s rich fisheries, leading to major growth in the Bristol fish trade.