AP World History Yellow Folder Terms 23-24

Abbasid Caliphate

Vast Islamic empire from 750 to 1258 CE, promoting scholarly and cultural development, with its capital in Baghdad.

Who were the Turkic peoples?

Nomadic tribes from the Central Asian steppes; they played significant roles in Islamic empires, including the Seljuk and Ottoman empires.

What were the contributions of Muslim Scholars and Scholarship?

Pioneered advancements in various fields; they preserved and expanded upon Greek/Roman Philosophy, developed algebra in mathematics, and made significant contributions to medicine.

What were the characteristics of Islam in Spain?

Islam entered Spain in the 8th century; Al-Andalus became a center of learning and culture, with tolerance for multiple religious communities.

What were the characteristics of Islam in South Asia?

Islam spread to South Asia through the development of hte Delhi Sultanate, influencing regional cultures and sparking both cooperation and conflict with Hindu and Buddhist communities.

What were the characteristics of Islam in Southeast Asia?

Introduced largely through trade, Islam blended with local traditions and established lasting Muslim communities, especially in Indonesia and Malaysia.

What were the characteristics of Islam in East Africa?

Islam influenced coastal regions, enriching Swahili culture and facilitating trade between East Africa, the Middle East, and Asia.

What were the characteristics of Islam in West Africa?

Islam entered through trans-Saharan trade, influencing local kingdoms like Mali and Songhai, and fostering Islamic scholarship.

Sufis / Sufism

Mystical Islamic tradition focusing on personal experience of God and aiming to attain truth and divine love through direct encounters with God.

Islamic Golden Age

A period of cultural, economic, and scientific flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 14th century.

Seljuk and Ottoman empires

Two significant Islamic empires that emerged from Turkic peoples and had a lasting impact on the region.

What is the role of Islamic scholarship in preserving and expanding knowledge?

Islamic scholars played a crucial role in translating, studying, and preserving classical works of antiquity, as well as making significant advancements in various fields.

House of Wisdom in Baghdad

A part of the Abbasid Caliphate, this served as a center for intellectual exchange and translation, contributing to the preservation and expansion of knowledge during the Islamic Golden Age.

Umma (Islam)

The concept emphasizes the unity of Islamic believers, transcending ethnic and geographic differences, and fostering a sense of community and solidarity.

Sunni/Shia Divide

Fundamental division within Islam over Prophet Muhammad's successor.

Jizya

Tax on non-Muslims in Islamic states for religious freedom.

Ibn Battuta

14th-century Moroccan traveler and scholar, took the Hajj and continued to travel across the Islamic world for 25 years. His travel journal became an important source for modern historians to understand the Muslim world.

Mansa Musa

14th-century ruler of Mali, known for his pilgrimage to Mecca, which caused decade-long inflation by introducing large amounts of gold to trade networks.

What was the Incan Empire known for?

Largest empire in pre-Columbian South America, with advanced infrastructure and a road system.

What was the mit'a system?

Compulsory labor system in the Inca Empire for public works.

What were the Aztecs known for?

Mesoamerican civilization known for complex social and political structures.

What was the significance of Aztec agriculture?

increased production of crops, including maize cultivation and the use of chinampas techniques

Song Dynasty

Chinese dynasty in 1200, known for its imperial bureaucracy based on Confucian principles, development of the Grand Canal, and production of luxury goods such as silk and porcelain.

Who established the Yuan Dynasty?

The Mongols under Kublai Khan.

What was the impact of Confucianism on China?

Shaped social, political, and educational systems, promoting hierarchical social order and moral conduct.

What was the Imperial Bureaucracy in China?

Centralized administrative system staffed by officials chosen through Civil Service Examinations. These exams for selecting bureaucrats were based on Confucian texts, promoting social mobility and meritocracy.

What were canals used for in China?

Facilitating transportation and trade, notably the Grand Canal linking the north and south.

Paper money in China

Revolutionized the economy, making transactions easier and promoting trade.

Filial Piety

Confucian value emphasizing respect and care for elders and ancestors.

What impact did gunpowder have?

Initially used for fireworks, this had a profound impact on warfare and spread along trade routes.

What was the purpose of foot binding in China?

To reflect and reinforce patriarchal norms, restricting women's mobility and enforcing feminine ideals.

What was the significance of Champa Rice?

Imported from Vietnam as part of the tribute system, it boosted agricultural productivity in China during the Song Dynasty.

What were the Silk Roads?

Ancient trade networks connecting East and West, involved trade over land across geographic areas, such as the Central Asian steppe

What was silk use for?

Luxury good produced in China, traded globally

What was porcelain used for?

Fine ceramic ware, major Chinese export

What were caravanserais?

Roadside inns along Silk Roads trade routes

What were the luxury goods?

High-value, non-essential goods traded along long-distance routes

What was important about the manufacture of iron and steel in China?

These are examples of how China's economy was productive and innovative, especially with China's advancements in metallurgical techniques

What was the tribute system?

Diplomatic practice in East Asia acknowledging China's supremacy

What was feudalism?

Socio-economic system based on landowners and vassals

What was serfdom?

Labor system in medieval Europe where peasants were bound to the land

What was the manorial system?

Economic and social structure of medieval Europe that utilized feudalism and agricultural production

What was the caste system?

Social hierarchy intertwined with Hindu beliefs

Who were Buddhist Monks?

Religious practitioners following Buddha's teachings

What was Mahayana Buddhism?

Buddhist sect emphasizing universal enlightenment

What was the Bubonic Plague?

A deadly pandemic in the 14th century, known as the Black Death, causing massive fatalities and socio-economic disruptions in Eurasia.

What were Hindu states in Southeast Asia?

Indianized kingdoms in Southeast Asia, adopting Hinduism, Sanskrit, and Indian political concepts, notably in regions like Cambodia and Java.

What were Buddhist states in Southeast Asia?

States like Srivijaya and Sukhothai adopted Buddhism, shaping political and cultural developments in the region.

What are diasporic communities?

Communities of people who have migrated and settled in different regions.

What is a lateen sail?

A triangular sail used in ancient and medieval navigation.

What is an astrolabe?

An instrument used to measure the altitude of celestial bodies.

What is a stern post rudder?

A type of rudder attached to the stern of a ship.

What is a compass?

A navigational instrument that started in China used to determine direction.

How were camels and the saddle used?

Technologies used for transportation in desert regions, such as the Trans-Saharan trade network.

What are monsoon winds?

Seasonal winds that bring heavy rainfall in certain regions.

What is the significance of gold?

A valuable metal used for trade and currency.

What is the significance of salt?

A valuable commodity used for preserving food and as currency. Also important for people to live.

What are caravans?

Groups of travelers and merchants traveling together for safety and trade.

What are trading cities?

Cities that serve as major centers for trade and commerce.

What are new forms of credit and money economies?

Emerging systems of borrowing and monetary exchange.

Zheng He

Chinese admiral during the Ming Dynasty, he led great voyages that spread China's fame throughout Asia