mexican, russian, chinese revolutions in the 1900s | ap world

mexico: 1896-1910

rule of Diaz

mexico: 1911

Madero elected as leader of Mexico

assassinated by his general and nephew Huerta

Huerta was supported by the US

mexico: 1913-1914

Huerta rules as dictator

• 3 coalitions joined together

  • Villa (N. mexico farmers)

  • Zapata (S. mexico, peasants)

  • Carranza (upperclass, mexico city)

mexico: 1917

Huerta was defeated, Carranza takes over and writes constitution

Villa and Zapata are assassinated by Carranza

mexico: 1920

Carranza is assassinated and Obregon takes over

political causes of the mexican revolution

corruption in the Diaz gov, served for 35 years!

repressive actions against workers, peasants, natives

opponents were imprisoned

economic causes of the mexican revolution

foreign investors owned large amounts of land

• need for land reform

social causes of the mexican revolution

need for social reform

• lack of education, healthcare, treatment against natives

WWI disrupted Mexican markets

• lack of manufactured goods

• loss of materials, no more jobs

political effects of the mexican revolution

write a constitution

• limited foreign ownership

• president only serves 6 years

• restricted the Church, especially in education

economic effects of the mexican revolution

by 1940 land was redistributed to lower classes

nationalized industry— gov took over certain aspects of the economy

social effects of the mexican revolution

education improved in rural areas

indigenism— concern for the native people

art and literature: focused on romanticism

• themes of revolution, christianity, heritage, women

• Rivera and Frida Kahlo

russia: feb 1917

Nicholas II is forced out of the throne

russia: nov 1917

provisional gov, Bolshevik revolution led by Kerensky

communists take over under leadership of Lenin

russia: 1918

Russia leaves the war, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

russia: 1918-21

russian civil war, tsar and romanov family is murdered

russia: 1921

Red wins against White, Lenin takes over and institutes NEP

russia: 1924

Lenin dies, Stalin takes over

russia: 1936

Great Purge, an attack on Stalin’s critics

political causes of the russian revolution

WWI

• lacked food and supplies

• caused misery

Nicholas II was weak and inefficient

• shut down Duma

economic causes of the russian revolution

gave up land to Germany to get out of the war

lacked industry—soldiers not supplied

social causes of the russian revolution

the workers/proletariat

• protested working conditions

political effects of the russian revolution

communist dictatorship under Lenin

• USSR

all political parties were outlawed except for communists

supreme soviet—an elected legislature

cheka—secret police

economic effects of the russian revolution

NEP—allowed capitalism to kick off the economy

Five Year Plan—Stalin’s attempt to modernize Russia

• successful but people suffered

• focus on heavy industry

agriculture, collective farms—farms owned and operated by the gov, provided everything

lack of consumer goods

workers strikes were outlawed under Stalin

social effects of the russian revolution

urbanization—people went to cities

art and media was censored

travel was restricted

quotas for workers

healthcare and education for all

china: 1911

Puyi abdicates the throne, Qing falls

china: 1912

formation of a republic led by Sun Yatsen

• warlord Yuan Shikai takes over

china: 1919

May Fourth Movement—a revolt against Japanese imperialism

china: 1920s

training of the Nationalist army in S. China

china: 1921

Guomindang is formed—nationalist army under Sun Yatsen

china: 1925

Sun Yatsen dies, Chiang Kaishek takes over

china: 1926-28

Northern expedition—Chiang’s unification of China

• 1927: the Nationalists attack the communists

  civil war breaks out

china: 1931

Japan invades

china: 1934

Long March

china: 1937-45

WWII

china: 1949

civil war ends, communists win over nationalists

political causes of the chinese revolution

warlords divided China

liberals vs. conservatives

economic causes of the chinese revolution

spheres of influence

• China was divided among European powers

western powers continue to intervene

social causes of the chinese revolution

famine, disease

fights between religion, people trying to spread Christianity

• attacks on missionaries

protests by students and intellectuals over change

political effects of the chinese revolution

unified China under leadership of Mao Zedong

• communist

• The People’s Republic of China

Europeans no longer had spheres of influence

Nationalists form country of Taiwan

economic effects of the chinese revolution

instituted a Five Year Plan

• had some success in industrializing

1958— Great Leap Forward—program to increase economic output, failed

• collective farms

• backyard furnaces

the population exploded

• millions will starve and die

1979-present—capitalism is instituted under Xiaoping

social effects of the chinese revolution

changes for women

• legally equal, choose who to marry and divorce

• educational opportunities

• women were expected to work outside the home

• ended foot binding

cultural revolution (68-78): Mao tried to purge the country of any opposing beliefs and traditions

• the Red Guard—his army/students that supported him

• Mao’s little red book—quotes about what Mao thinks

one child policy (1979)

Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989)—protesters who fought for democracy and rights were killed