Comprehensive Hormone Pathways and Metabolic Regulation in Human Physiology

What hormone is primarily involved in increasing basal metabolic rate?

Thyroid hormone (T3/T4)

What triggers the release of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus

What are the main pathologies associated with thyroid hormone?

Hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease), Hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's disease), Goiters

What stimulates the release of Growth Hormone (GH)?

Stress, hypoglycemia, and exercise

What is the role of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)?

Stimulates growth and development, released in response to GH

What is the primary function of glucocorticoids like cortisol?

To preserve/increase blood glucose levels and provide energy during stress

What stimulates cortisol secretion?

Corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus

What are the effects of chronic stress on cortisol levels?

Can lead to hyperglycemia and insulin resistance

What is the main androgen hormone?

Testosterone

What hormone is primarily responsible for the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles?

Estradiol

What triggers ovulation in females?

Surge of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) due to positive feedback from estradiol

What is a common pathology associated with hypersecretion of testosterone?

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in women

What hormone is released after a meal to lower blood sugar?

Insulin

What hormones are secreted during fasting?

Glucagon, Growth Hormone (GH), and Cortisol

What is the effect of epinephrine during short-term exercise?

Increases blood sugar through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

What happens to hormone levels during long-term exercise?

Increased release of Growth Hormone (GH) and cortisol due to stress

What is the role of somatostatin in blood sugar regulation?

Inhibits insulin and glucagon release, helping to decrease blood sugar

What is the effect of cortisol on the immune system?

Decreases activity and inflammation

What is the relationship between testosterone and insulin resistance?

Low testosterone levels are associated with insulin resistance in men

What are the effects of glucocorticoids on adipose tissue?

Stimulate lipolysis and enhance the effects of Growth Hormone

What is the primary estrogen hormone?

Estradiol

What is the function of inhibin in males?

Inhibits the release of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

What are the effects of hyposecretion of estradiol?

Infertility, delayed puberty, and decreased bone density

What hormone is sometimes given to induce labor?

Oxytocin

Which structure connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

Infundibulum

What is the primary function of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

Stimulate the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones