AP Psychology Unit 5: Mental and Physical Health

Persecutory delusion

Belief that someone is out to get you

Health Psychology

Studies the psychological and behavioral aspects of physical health and illness

Stressors

Things that can stress someone out, includes major life events, daily hassles, social stressors, and traumatic stressors

General Adaptation Syndrome

Researched by Hans Selye, the GAS is a pattern of responses experienced during stress, looks like a normal curve on a graph, involves 3 stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Alarm stage

The first stage of GAS, this is the fight/flight/freeze response after the initial encounter with the stressor

Resistance stage

The second stage of GAS, the body temporarily bends in response to the stressor, adrenal glands secrete cortisol

Exhaustion stage

The third stage of GAS, resistance stage resources are depleted and alarm stage symptoms reappear. The high cortisol levels suppress immune system, which can lead to a disease of adaptation

Cortisol

Hormone that alters metabolism to increase long-term energy to cope with stressor

Disease of Adaptation

An illness due to persistent stressors

Factors in identifying+diagnosing disorders

Level of dysfunction, distress, and deviation from social norms

Anorexia nervosa

Significantly low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, distorted perception of body weight

Social Anxiety Disorder

Anxiety triggered by social interaction, being judged or scrutinized by others during the interaction

Cognitive therapies

Focus is on changing negative/irrational thought processes and beliefs

DBT

Dialectical behavioral therapy, often used for suicidal ideation, self-injurious behaviors, and drug addiction

Distress

The condition causes significant emotional pain and/or discomfort

Negative symptoms

Loss of normal experiences (taking away good thing)

Tend and Befriend theory

Researched by Shelley Taylor, females experience a tendency to tend and befriend instead of fight or flight, influenced by evolution

Tend

Focus on the needs of others, especially those more vulnerable

Befriend

Seek support from friends/family

Emotion-focused coping

Managing the emotions caused by the stressor

Problem-focused coping

Removing or mitigating the source of stress

Positive Psychology

Scientific study of the factors that contribute to well being, positive emotions, and psychological health. Martin Seligman is a founding figure, well being can be achieved through practices

Six Core Virtues of Positive Psychology

courage, justice, humanity, temperance, wisdom, transcendence

Level of Dysfunction

The degree to which the condition interferes with daily living/physical health

Deviation from social norms

Thoughts/behaviors that are considered unacceptable with a particular society

The biopsychosocial model

Psychological disorders can result from an interplay of biological factors, social factors, and psychological factors. Think the triple venn diagram

Psychotic disorder

Mental disorder characterized by disconnection to reality, consists of both positive and negative symptoms, can be experienced as acute or chronic condition

Positive symptoms

Unhealthy additions to person's normal experience (adding a bad thing)

Acute condition

Symptoms are episodic but can be severe

Chronic condition

Symptoms are long lasting

Delusions

False or irrational beliefs which persist despite conflicting evidence

Delusions of Grandeur

Thinking you are of great power

Hallucinations

Imagining things: seeing hearing, feeling non existent things

Disorganized thinking/soeech

Difficulty concentrating/maintaining coherent thoughts, speech patterns can be nonsensical

Disorganized motor behavior

Repetitive movements, abnormal gestures or facial movements or catatonia

Catatonia

Limited movements or immobility

Flat affect

Reduced emotional expressions, reduced social interaction and motivation

Dopamine hypothesis

Schizophrenia has been linked to overactive dopamine receptors located in the pre-frontal cortex and temporal lobe

High concordance rates

Percentage of biologically related ppl share a trait or condition

Antipsychotics

Alger dopamine receptor functions, some as agonists some as antagonists, some interact with serotonin

Tardive Dyskinesia side effects

Involuntary facial/extremities movement

Neurodevelopmental disorders

Manifests during early childhood development, characterized by deficits/delays in personal, social, or academic development

Autism spectrum diagnosis

Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity

ADHD

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity

Depressive disorders

Characterized by extreme sadness or empty mood, changes to thought processes that affect the ability to function, maladaptive thoughts/behaviors to lesson/avoid that mood

Major depressive disorder

Persistent sadness, hopelessness or feeling of emptiness, loss of motivation and interest in activities

Persistent depressive disorder

A depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least two years

Learned helplessness

Repeatedly experiences situations where person has no control over outcome, teaches persom to stop trying to change the situation

Cognitive distortions

Irrational and negative thoughts about self, others, and future

Bipolar disorders

Alternating week-long episodes of depressive episodes and manic episodes

Bipolar I

Categorized by manic episodes lasting at least one week

Bipolar II

Categorized by hypomania, shorter in duration than manic and has less impact on daily functioning

Feeding and Eating Disorders

The unhealthy consumption of food and the negative impact it has on physical and mental well-being

Bulimia nervosa

Self-esteem overly influenced by body shape and weight, restrictions lead to binging followed by compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain

Anxiety disorders

Marked by excessive fear/anxiety + maladaptive behaviors to avoid, escape, or cope with it

Panic disorder

Marked by unpredictable and recurrent panic attacks

panic attack

An intense and abrupt surge of fear and discomfort, included accelerated heart rate, sweating, dizziness, chest pains, shortness of breath, etc

Anticipatory anxiety

Persistent worry about when/where the next attack will occur, maladaptive behaviors to avoid having another

Generalized anxiety disorder

Prolonged and excessive anxiety or worry about varied events or activities, occurs more days than not for at least 6 months

Specific phobias

Intense fear or anxiety abt a specific object or situation, the fear is out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the source of fear

Agoraphobia

Anxiety triggered by more so the social setting than the interaction, public places and being unable to receive help while in or escape from them

Benzodiazepines

Anti anxiety meds, enhances effectiveness of GABA, Xanax and Valium

Personality disorders

Enduring and inflexible traits that deviate from cultural norms, cause cause the individual distress or impairment social relationships, must develop in adolescence, categorized into 3 clusters

Cluster A

Individuals may seem very odd or eccentric

Cluster B

Individuals may seem extremely emotional or unpredictable

Cluster C

Individuals may seem extremely timid, afraid, or anxious

PTSD

Post traumatic stress disorder, results from traumatic event, symptoms include negative changes to thoughts/mood, intrusive memories, flashbacks, dreams, avoidance of reminders to event

OCD

Obsessive compulsive disorder, marked by obsessions and compulsions

Obsessions

Recurring and persistent, intrusive thoughts and urges

Compulsions

Repetitive/ritualized behaviors to lessen anxiety of an obsession

Hoarding disorder

Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, regardless of actual value. Difficulty is due to the distress associated with discarding them

Dissociative disorders

Marked by a separation between conscious awareness and past memories, personality, and identity

Dissociative identity disorder

Persom exhibits two or more distinct personalities or identities, these identities/personalities will independently assume control of behavior and awareness

Dissociative amnesia

Memory loss of a traumatic event, not resulting from neurological damage, can occur with or without fugue

Fugue

Movement away from traumatic event's location

Psychotropic meds

Meds that affect mood, behavior, and thoughts

APA Ethical standards in therapy

Non-maleficence, fidelity, integrity, and respect for people's rights and dignity

Psychotherapy techniques

Applied behavior analysis (ABA), Psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive+cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), hypnosis

Applied behavior analysis

Classical and operant conditioning principles are used therapeutically

systematic desensitization

form of exposure therapy used to treat phobias and anxiety disorders by exposing a person to the feared object, employs counter conditioning

Counter-conditioning

Removing unwanted fear response by pairing with calming sensation

Anxiety hierarchy

A gradual increase in exposure time and proximity to source of the fear

Token economy

Persom earns tokens for exhibiting desired behaviors, they can then exchange tokens for rewards or privileges, teaches delayed gratification

Psychodynamic theory

Emphasizes the role of the unconscious in causing anxiety, often practices free association

Free association

Client is encouraged to speak openly without censorship, sharing whatever thoughts, feelings, or memories come to mind

Humanistic therapy

Influenced by Carl Rogers, persom centered, therapists practice active listening and unconditional positive regard

unconditional positive regard

Acceptance and support regardless of expectations being met

Active listening

Asking for clarification, restating, verbally acknowledging statements

CBT

Cognitive behavioral therapy, emphasizes interconnection between thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, client is shown how their thinking is irrational, subsets are dialectical behavioral therapy and rational emotive behavioral therapy

REBT

Rational emotive behavioral therapy, client self-reinforces more positive thinking, therapist is more "confrontational" than DBT

Lobotomy

Nerve connections to pre-frontal cortex are severed, very invasive

TMS

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, depression treatment, magnetic field stimulates neurons in brain regions associated with depression

ECT

Electro conclusive therapy, brief and controlled seizure induced by low voltage electrical current, stimulates neural pathways and neurotransmitter activity

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