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Lenient phase
The early phase of Reconstruction, characterized by black codes, amnesty for former Confederates, the establishment of the Freedmen's Bureau, and the impact of the 1866 midterms.
Black codes
Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves
Amnesty
a pardon to a group of people
Freedmen's Bureau
A government agency established in 1865 to aid freed slaves by providing education, healthcare, and economic assistance.
1866 Midterm Elections
Beginning of Radical Reconstruction
Radical Reconstruction
The period of Reconstruction led by Radical Republicans, featuring the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson, Military Reconstruction Acts, and the passage of the 14th and 15th Amendments.
Radical Republicans
A faction of the Republican Party that advocated for full civil rights for African Americans and harsh policies toward the former Confederacy.
Johnson Impeachment
After passing the Tenure of Office Act (1867) that denied the Johnson powers used by previous presidents, Republicans set up President Johnson to break the law, and then by tried him for impeachment. Driven by wide dislike for Johnson's sympathy for fellow Southern Democrats and ex-Confederates. He avoided conviction by just 1 vote.
Tenure of Office Act (1867)
Radical attempt to further diminish Andrew Johnson's authority by providing that the president could not remove any civilian official without Senate approval; Johnson violated the law by removing Edwin Stanton as secretary of war, and the House of Representatives impeached him over his actions.
Military Reconstruction Act of 1867
1867; divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions
14th Amendment (1868)
Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S.
15th Amendment (1870)
U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed
Carpetbaggers
Northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction, often viewed as opportunists.
Scalawags
Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and Republican policies.
Freedmen
Enslaved people who had been freed by the war
Hiram Revels
The first African American to serve in the U.S. Congress.
Blanche Bruce
An American politician. Bruce represented Mississippi as a U.S. Senator from 1875 to 1881 and was the first black to serve a full term in the Senate.
John Lynch
Born enslaved, was elected as the first African American Speaker of the Mississippi House of Representatives, and he went on to be the only African American in the following century to represent Mississippi in the U.S. House of Representatives.
Enforcement Acts
(1870-1871) Congress in response to the KKK and others, passed these acts to protect black voters. It created penalties on person who interfered with any citizen's right to vote. Outlaws the activities of the KKK
Compromise of 1877
An agreement that ended Reconstruction by withdrawing federal troops from the South in exchange for Rutherford B. Hayes becoming president.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."
Jim Crow Laws
Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites
Poll Taxes & Literacy Tests
Voting restrictions used to disenfranchise African Americans in the South.
Booker T. Washington
African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.
W.E.B. DuBois
1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, advocated for immediate civil rights, higher education, and political activism.
Gilded Age Economic Growth
A period of rapid industrialization and economic expansion in the late 19th century, driven by GNP growth, natural resources, population increases, new immigration, and technological inventions.
GNP (Gross National Product)
the total value of all goods and services produced by a county in a time period
natural resources of the gilded age
coal, timber, iron ore, and minerals like gold and silver
when was the telephone invented?
1876 by Alexander Graham Bell
When was the lightbulb invented and by who?
1879, Thomas Edison
examples of inventions during the gilded age
Telephone, engine, light bulb, dynamo, alternating current, Bessemer converter, and oil refining.
Laissez-Faire Economics
An economic philosophy advocating for low taxes, minimal government spending, little regulation, and an emphasis on entrepreneurship.
Government Subsidies in the Gilded Age
Included tariffs and financial support for industries like railroads to stimulate economic growth.
Promontory Point, Utah, 1869
Site where the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads met, completing the first transcontinental railroad line.
Vanderbilt
Captain of Industry in charge of railroad and steamship lines
New York to Chicago Connection (Railroads)
A major railroad route that linked the Eastern U.S. (New York) to the growing industrial hub of Chicago, facilitating trade, transportation, and westward expansion. Spearheaded by railroad magnates like Cornelius Vanderbilt.
Grand Central Station
Large train station in New York City
corporation
A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts
stock
A share of ownership in a corporation.
vertical integration
Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution
Horizontal Integration
Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller
monopoly
Complete control of a product or business by one person or group
trust
A monopoly that controls goods and services, often in combinations that reduce competition.
pools
agreements between companies to maintain prices at a certain level
rebates
Developed in the 1880s, a practice by which railroads would give money back to its favored customers, rather than charging them lower prices, so that it could appear to be charging a flat rate for everyone.
rockefeller
Captain of industry that created a monopoly in oil refineries
carnegie
A Scottish immigrant who made a fortune in steel and donated most of his profits.
J.P. Morgan
Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"
deflation
A situation in which prices are declining
wage cuts
This led to the great railroad strike of 1877, the homestead strike, and the Pullman strike
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
July, 1877 - A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men.
1886 Haymarket Riot
Chicago. Police intervene when workers continually protest for 8-hour work day. dynamite bomb thrown at police. Caused strengthening of police forces. Although bomb thrower in unknown, Chicago police arrest 8 anarchist and execute half. 1 committed suicide. The rest were pardoned by 1893 govnt. RESULT: public opinion turned against unions.
Homestead Strike (1892)
It was one of the most violent strikes in U.S. history. It was against the Homestead Steel Works, which was part of the Carnegie Steel Company, in Pennsylvania in retaliation against wage cuts. The riot was ultimately put down by Pinkerton Police and the state militia, and the violence further damaged the image of unions.
Pullman Strike (1894)
Workers rebelled because the Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages by 1/3 and the American Federation of Labor refused to support the strikers. Military action was needed in order to keep mail delivery on track.
Trade Unions/Labor Unions
associations that were formed by skilled workers in a number of new industries, including the cotton spinners, ironworkers, coal miners, and shipwrights.
industrial unions
labor organizations of unskilled and semiskilled workers in mass-production industries such as automobiles and mining
strikes
times when workers refuse to work until owners improve conditions
lockout
a company tool to fight union demands by refusing to allow employees to enter its facilities to work
union shop states
employees are generally required to join union
right to work state
A U.S. state that has passed a law preventing a union and company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment.
Panic of 1873
Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver)
American Federation of Labor
1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.
New Immigration
A wave of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe (Italy, Poland, Russia) in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, seeking economic opportunities and religious freedom.
Ellis Island
Opened in 1892, it served as the main immigration processing station in New York Harbor, where millions of immigrants entered the U.S.
Nativism
A movement favoring native-born Americans over immigrants, often leading to anti-immigrant policies and sentiments.
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
The first U.S. law restricting immigration based on nationality, banning Chinese laborers from entering the country.
Steel Skyscrapers
Innovations in steel construction allowed for the development of tall buildings, revolutionizing urban landscapes.
Louis Sullivan
An architect known as the "father of skyscrapers," who emphasized functional design and helped shape modern architecture.
Boss Tweed
A corrupt political leader of New York's Tammany Hall who controlled city politics and engaged in graft during the 19th century.
Social Gospel Movement
A religious movement that applied Christian ethics to social issues like poverty, labor conditions, and inequality.
Modern Recreations of the Late 19th Century
Popular leisure activities included bicycling, baseball, basketball, tennis, golf, vaudeville performances, and ragtime music.
Vaudeville
A popular form of live entertainment featuring variety acts, comedy, and music, often performed in theaters.
City Parks Movement
A movement advocating for the creation of urban parks to provide green spaces and recreational areas in crowded cities.
Pragmatism
the attribute of accepting the facts of life and favoring practicality and literal truth
realism
A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be
Grantism
A term used to describe political corruption and scandals during Ulysses S. Grant's presidency, including bribery and fraud in government.
1876 Election
A highly contested election between Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) and Samuel Tilden (Democrat). Hayes won through the Compromise of 1877, which ended Reconstruction.
1884 Election ('R,R,R')
The election between Grover Cleveland (Democrat) and James G. Blaine (Republican). The slogan "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion" hurt Blaine's campaign, helping Cleveland win.
Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion
an insult made against NY Irish-Americans by a republican clergyman in the 1884 election. Blaine's failure to repudiate this statement lost him NY and contributed to his defeat by Grover Cleveland.
Cleveland's Exceptionalism
Grover Cleveland was known for his honesty, vetoing many bills, and opposing political corruption, setting him apart from other politicians of his time.
Tariff
A tax on imports that became a major political issue in the late 19th century, with debates over whether tariffs should protect American industry or be lowered.
Bloody Shirt
Republican campaign tactic that blamed the Democrats for the Civil War; it was used successfully in campaigns from 1868 to 1876 to keep Democrats out of public office, especially the presidency.
Indians
Refers to policies and conflicts between Native Americans and the U.S. government, including forced removals and battles such as Little Bighorn.
ICA (Interstate Commerce Act)
A law passed in 1887 to regulate railroads and prevent unfair practices like rate discrimination, creating the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC).
Inflation vs. Deflation
A key economic debate of the late 19th century—farmers and debtors favored inflation (more money supply), while bankers and industrialists favored deflation (stable currency).
Free Silver vs. Gold Standard
A major economic debate—supporters of free silver (like William Jennings Bryan) wanted to expand money supply, while gold standard advocates (like William McKinley) favored a stable currency backed by gold.
Populist Party Platform 1892
A political movement advocating for farmers and workers, calling for free silver, government ownership of railroads, and direct election of senators.
Coxey
Jacob Coxey led "Coxey's Army," a march on Washington in 1894 demanding government jobs for the unemployed during the economic depression.
1896 Election (WJB vs. WM)
William Jennings Bryan (Democrat/Populist) ran against William McKinley (Republican). McKinley won, securing the gold standard and marking the decline of the Populists.
William Allen White
the owner and editor of the Emporia Gazette who wrote a section called "Whats the Matter With Kansas?"
Mining (Placer, Sluice, Hydraulic, Quartz)
Different mining techniques used during the gold and silver rushes. Placer mining involved panning for gold, sluice mining used water channels, hydraulic mining used high-pressure water, and quartz mining involved deep rock extraction.
Comstock Lode
First discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.
Denver Gold Rush
The discovery of gold in Colorado in 1858-1859, leading to rapid settlement and the rise of Denver as a mining hub.
Boomtowns
Rapidly growing towns that emerged near gold and silver strikes. They often became ghost towns once the resources were depleted.
California Gold Rush (1850)
A major migration event triggered by the discovery of gold in 1848 at Sutter's Mill, leading to a population explosion and statehood for California.
Nevada Statehood (1864)
Nevada became a state during the Civil War due to its mineral wealth and strong Union support.
states admitted in 1889
North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington
Ranching
The practice of raising cattle on open land, which became a major industry in the West, supported by vast grasslands and railroads.
Longhorns
A hardy breed of cattle introduced by Spanish settlers, known for their ability to survive long drives across rough terrain.
Open Range
vast areas of grassland owned by the federal government
