9th Grade Biology Semester 1 Final Study Guide

Homeostasis

Maintaining constant internal body conditions.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, needed by muscles to contract.

Cellular respiration

Process of producing ATP from glucose and oxygen (O2 + C6H12O6 = H2O + CO2).

Respiratory system

Brings in oxygen to the bloodstream and removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream and body.

Circulatory system

Pumps blood with oxygen to all cells in the body and carries carbon dioxide-filled blood back to the heart and lungs.

Muscular system

Allows movement and pumps the heart to circulate blood.

Nervous system

Communication system from the brain to all cells and muscles, telling them what to do.

Negative feedback loop

Returns the body back to homeostasis by reversing the change.

Positive feedback loop

Amplifies a change even more, continuing the change.

Semi-permeable membrane

Only small molecules can pass through.

Osmosis

Water moves from the higher water concentration side to the lower water concentration side (High-to-low).

Dehydration Synthesis

Monomers are joined by the removal of water, resulting in one polymer and H2O.

Hydrolysis

Polymers are split apart into monomers with the addition of water, resulting in two monomers.

Digestive system

Processes that break down food into monomers for absorption.

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions by reducing the amount of energy needed.

Biomolecules

Carbon-based molecules essential for life, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates

Biomolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; serve as an energy source.

Proteins

Biomolecules made of amino acids; used as enzymes and hormones.

Fats/Lipids

Biomolecules made of fatty acids; make up cell membranes.

Nucleic Acids

Biomolecules made of nucleotides; control heredity.

Matter Movement

The process by which molecules move to and from the location of a chemical change.

Atoms

Atoms make up everything, last forever and can be rearranged to make new molecules, but not created or destroyed.

Energy

Energy lasts forever and can be transformed from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed. It is what makes things happen.

Ethanol burning Lab Equation

C2H5OH + 3O2 → 3H2O+ 2CO2

Inputs of Ethanol burning Lab

Oxygen + Ethanol

Outputs of Ethanol burning Lab

Carbon dioxide + Water + (Heat and Light energy)

ATP definition and unabbreviated form

Usable Energy for the body, adenosine triphosphate

Creation of ATP

Occurs in all cells within the body and is created through Cellular Respiration.

Breakdown of ATP

ATP is broken down into ADP + P (adenosine diphosphate and phosphate), which releases energy that we use.

Photosynthesis

The process that producers use to get energy from sunlight.

Location of Photosynthesis

Chloroplast.

Photosynthesis Equation

6CO2 + 6H2O + Solar Energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2

Effect of Photosynthesis on CO2

Decreases atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) since CO2 is a reactant.

General Rules of Photosynthesis

Red light produces the most photosynthesis; Green light produces the least photosynthesis; The closer the light, the faster the photosynthesis takes place.

Cellular Respiration

Process that ALL living organisms perform to convert Glucose into usable ATP.

Location of Cellular Respiration

Mitochondria.

Cellular Respiration Equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Effect of Cellular Respiration on CO2

Increases atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) since CO2 is a product.

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration with the use of oxygen that occurs in the mitochondria and makes lots of ATP (36).

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration without the use of oxygen that occurs in the Cytoplasm and makes little amount of ATP (2).

Biomass

Biomass is the mass of a plant or animal.

Human Mass

Caused by having excess food molecules that aren't used for cellular respiration.

Biosynthesis

The process of getting food molecules into your body, storing excess molecules as fat.

Trophic Levels

Tertiary consumers (Top consumers), Secondary consumers (Carnivores), Primary consumers (Herbivores), Producers (Plants).

Energy Flow

Energy flows up trophic levels, with only 10% of the energy from a trophic level passed to the next due to heat and waste loss.

Biomagnification

At every trophic level, the concentration of toxins increases, affecting tertiary consumers the most.

Role of Decomposers

Break down dead organisms and recycle the Biomass from dead organisms, keeping the energy in the ecosystem.

Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and are around 100x bigger than Prokaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and are smaller and simpler than Eukaryotic cells.

Four Kingdoms of Eukarya Domain

Animalia (animals such as humans), Plantae (plants), Fungi, and Protista (usually single celled like algae). Can be multi or single celled organisms.

Autotrophic

Producers

Heterotrophic

Consumers

Amoeba

A type of single-celled organism

Algae

Simple non-flowering plants of a large group that includes seaweeds and many single-celled forms

Plantae

Multicellular green plants. Autotrophic through photosynthesis. Have a cell wall

Carbon Cycle

The process of carbon exchange needed for the carbon levels to stay balanced

Carbon pools

Things that absorb more carbon than they produce

Population

The number of organisms in a specific area

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population the ecosystem can hold

Niche

The specific role of an organism within an ecosystem based on its habitat

Biodiversity

The number of DIFFERENT types of organisms in an ecosystem

Keystone species

A species that has a large effect on the whole ecosystem

Plantae

Kingdom of multicellular photosynthetic autotrophs that have cell walls containing cellulose

Animalia

kingdom of multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells do not have cell walls