Microbiology Final Exam Questions

What is found in ALL prokaryotic organisms?

Ribosomes

What is the best description of the log phase of a bacterial growth curve?

Populations double under optimum conditions

Through feedback inhibition a noncompetitive inhibitor of enzyme activity would...

Bind to the allosteric site of the enzyme and stop the reaction

Yeast infections such as thrush are caused by what?

Candida albicans

The outer protein coat of a simple virus particle is called?

Capsid

In the disease cycle of animal viruses(Lysogenic), uncoating takes place between which two stages?

Penetration and biosynthesis

What would be used to sterilize disposable prepackaged gloves?

Gamma

Which type of hepatitis might you acquire by eating raw tomatoes or green onions at a restaurant?

Hepatitis A

The bacteria that causes meningitis usually attach and multiply in this area of the body

Upper respiratory system

Helper T cells...

Function in both humoral and cell-mediated immune function activation

The function of chemical substances such as histamine and leukotrienes would be

To stimulate inflammation

A cell is said to be _______________ when its cell wall is permeable to foreign DNA

Competent

An enzyme that assembles free nucleotides to make a molecule of RNA is

RNA polymerase

What do Rickettsias and Chlamydias have in common with viruses?

They are both obligated to live inside of a host cell

Who discovered penicillin?

Alexander Flemming

What is the difference between fimbriae and pili?

Pili is involved in bacterial sex(conjugation), whereas fimbriae is just for attachment

New strains of the flu are made through _______________ _______________.

Antigenic shifts

Prokaryotic ribosome subunits =

50 + 30 = 70

Eukaryotic ribosome subunits =

60 + 40 = 80

Fermenters

Homolactic, Alcohol, Ethanol

The prefix for fungi is

Myco-

could be used in the word Mycology (the study of fungi) or Mycoses (a fungi-related disease)

Endotoxin

Gram negative

Exotoxin

Gram positive

Lytic

The virus hijacks the cell and then destroys it

Lysogenic

The virus integrates itself into the DNA and stays there indefinitely

What is the least effective antibiotic?

Penicillin

What does betalactimase do?

Creates resistance to penicillin

Chlamydia has _____________ bodies

elementary

Treatment for tetanus?

If you have been vaccinated (DTaP) before exposure:

If you have not been vaccinated: Tetanus immune globulin

What is the leading cause of blindness?

Trachoma

What causes trachoma?

Chlamydia

Varicella zoster aka

Chicken pox

What bacteria causes cavities?

Streptococcus mutans

Bacteria use

CAPSULES

Where does transcription occur?

The nucleus

Where does translation occur?

The cytoplasm

What develops as a complication of strep throat?

Rheumatic fever

IgG

Previous exposure

Can cross the placenta

Monomer

Longer lasting immunity

IgA

Dimer

Secretions (saliva, tears)

Most abundant

IgM

Pentomer

Held together by "J-chain"

1st antibody to react

Largest

Current infection

IgD

Monomer

Found on surface of B-cells

Helps immediate immune response

IgE

Monomer

On Basophils

Allergic reactions & Parasitic worms

Rank the WBC's from most to least abundant

Neutrophil

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

Eosinophil

Basophil

Neutrophil

Phagocytic

Lymphocyte

Specific immunity T-cells, B-cells & natural killer cells

Monocyte

Phagocytic as mature macrophages

Eosinophil

Toxic to parasites

Basophils

Produce histamines to combat allergic reactions

What are chemoheterotrophs?

Organisms that get carbon from organic material such as proteins, carbohydrates & lipids

What are chemoautotrophs & photoautotrophs?

They get their carbon from carbon dioxide

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use aerobic respiration as a way to produce ATP, but you get the (most/least) ATP from aerobic respiration in prokaryotes

Most

What is the final electron acceptor?

Oxygen

What are medically important fungi that exhibit dimorphism?

Yeast-like & filamentous fungi

What makes up the envelope of some viruses?

Phospholipids from the host cell membrane

Fungi that cause systemic mycoses lives where?

They live in the soil as saprophytes

What are the three stages of syphilis?

Primary stage - chancre sores

Secondary stage - rash on soles of feet and palms

Tertiary stage - gummas

Which stages of syphilis are infective?

The primary and secondary stages

Why is mycobacterium hard to treat?

Because it has a slow metabolic and growth rate

Septicemia is also known as

Blood poisoning

Bacteremia is ______________ in the blood

Bacteria

Inflammation is stimulated by chemicals such as

Histamines and leukotrienes

Plasma cells make

Antibodies & release them into the blood stream

What is clonal selection?

The process by which B-cells are activated by an antigen

Where do monocytes and macrophages bond to on an antibody?

The Fc region

What activates the cell mediated response of the immune system?

Antigen presenting cells

Transcription

DNA ------> RNA

Translation

RNA ------> Protein

What bacteria causes Tetanus?

Clostridium tetani

What bacteria causes Strep?

Streptococcus pyogens

What bacteria causes Lyme disease?

Borellia burgdorferi

What bacteria causes Pneumococcal meningitis?

Streptococcus pnuemoniae

What bacteria causes Tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

What bacteria causes Staphylococcal food poisoning?

Staphylococcus aureus

What bacteria causes Salmonellosis?

Salmonella enterica

What bacteria causes Syphilis?

Treponema pallidum

First line of defense

skin, mucous membrane, secretions

Second line of defense

white blood cells, antimicrobial protiens, and inflammatory response

Third line of defense

lymphocytes & antibodies

Alpha hemolysis

partial lysis; green halo

Beta hemolysis

full lysis; clear halo

DTaP vaccine

Diptheria, Tetanus, & Pertussis

Tuberculosis vaccine

BCG

Intoxication

illness in which bacterial toxins are ingested with food or water

infection

illness in which live bacterial pathogens are ingested and grow in the body

Malaria transmission

Anopheles mosquito

Chicken pox(herpes simplex 3) goes latent where?

Ganglia

Herpes 1 goes latent where?

Trigeminal

pseadopods(eukaryotic membrane)

locomotion and engulfing phagoycytes(white blood cell)

axial filaments (endoflagellum)

spirochete locomotion wrapping

Flagella

locomotion in all 3 domains

Reverse transcriptase

takes DNA back to RNA

Chaga's disease(American- T. Cruzi) transmission

kissing bug-vector

West Nile transmission

mosquito-vector

Sleeping sickness(African- T. Bruci) transmission

teetse fly-vector

What causes chicken pox(Varicella-zoster virus)

Human herpes virus 3

Luekocytes aka

White blood cells

Vector is also another word for

Plasmid(DNA injection)

Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to the devolpment of disease by Clostridial species?

ENDOtoxin formation