WMAN 300 Exam 2

impact

general term used to describe any change that perturbs the current system, whether planned/unplanned or an act of nature

pulse disturbance

immediate/short term, not sustained beyond the initial disturbance

• hurricane, mort from flooding

press disturbance

longer term, down the road impacts, sustained beyond the initial disturbance

• post hurricane, lack of water 

recovery 

temporal process in which impacts a progressively lessen through natural processes active restoration efforts 

recovered

when natural factors have regained their influence over the biological resources being assessed

natural factors

physical/chemical features of the environment that affect the level of a resource at a given time + location 

recovery assumptions

steady-state, spatial, dynamic equilibrium

steady state 

tend to have a consistent mean overtime 

spatial 

when impact + reference sites have similar natural factors acting on it without impact the resources track similarly 

dynamic equilibrium

includes both temporal + spatial variability, natural factors may differ, but the mean difference remains similar 

regime shift 

large, rapid, + persistent change in the structure + function of an ecosystem, shifting it from one stable state to another 

BACI 

samples taken before + after an impact under both treatment (impacted) + reference (control) sites 

single-time design

try to sample all sites within a short time window, assume there are no changes in site conditions during sampling period 

impact-reference design

similar to a true experimental design in that replicate samples are taken within reference + impacted sites 

matched pair design

sites within an impacted area are randomly selected + nonrandomly matched with similar reference sites

gradient designs

analyze impact along a continuous scale + use regression to test for an association btw level of impact + animal response 

time-series design 

animals are sampled at the same sites over time to assess their response with the expectation that response to the disturbance will decrease over time 

impact level by time interaction design

following sites for an extended period to assess how the pattern of recovery composed to reference sites 

inventories 

conducted to determine the distribution + composition of wildlife + habitats in areas where the info is lacking  

monitoring

used to understand rates of change or the effect of mng practices on wildlife pos 

change

differences in measured attribute btw 2 points in time

trend

normally requires 3+ periods to eval a direct of change + consistency

implementation

assess whether a directed mgt activity has been carried out as designed

effectiveness

evaluates whether the mgt action met its stated objective

validation

seeks to evaluate model assumptions/prescriptions used in decision-making 

compliance

mandated by law

Type 1 error

overreaction; concluding a neg pop trend when there isn’t one 

Type 2 errors

fail to detect a neg trend when there is one

biotic integrity

ecosystem capability of supporting + maintaining an adaptive community of organisms having species composition, diversity, + function organization comparable to that of a natural habitat

ecological integrity

summation of chemical, physical, + biological integrity including processes

ecological condition

refers to the state of the physical, chem, + bio characteristics of the enviro + processes + interactions that connect them

habitat

collection of resources + enviro conditions which animals require to survive + reproduce

resource unit

tangible item from which an animal might receive a benefit, or which an animal might avoid

use 

resource unit that has received some investment; observed presence within a physical location 

available

resource unit/physical location that was accessible to an animal but wasn’t observed by that animal

selection

resource unit/habitat is used disproportional to availability 

1st order selection

physical range limit, changes over time

2nd order selection

placement of home range within a species geographic range

3rd order selection

physical location within an animal’s home range

non-invasive

observational only

invasive

usually capture techniques

w<1

avoidance

w>1

selection

random

enumerate all possible sampling units + select random units to sample 

stratified

division of total area into strata + randomizing 

systematic

sample units are ordered and a random start point is determined then units are sampled at fixed intervals 

ANOVA

more than 2 treatments

no line

no significant relationship

ANOVA + t-test

differ

regression 

continous 

chi-squared

• compare obs counts with a category to expected counts within a category

• habitat selection

• contingency table 

response

counts of obs within a category

predictor

different categories

T-test

• compare means of 1 pop w/ hypothetical mean, 2 pops, or repeated measurements on same units 

• no covariates/blocking variables 

ANOVA

• compares means of 2+ pops

• eval influence of several factors simultaneously

• factor + factor level 

linear regression

• continuous response + continuous predictor variable

• estimate slope + intercept of line of best fir data

R squared

% variance explained/”fit”

factor

variable that represents 2+ mutually exclusive categories (ex: disturbance type) 

factor level

different values each factor can obtain

t-test one sample

tests effects of mgt on avg size of bass in a lake when you have an earlier mean size + current (post mgt) sample

t-test 2 samples

species richness upstream + downstream of AMD

t-test paired

effect of pollution on fish survival, before after

ANOVA ex

factor - disturbance type

factor level - pine beetle, wildlife, prescribed fire

chi squared ex

counts of red fox in urban, ex urban, nonurban

design 1

• non-invasive habitat description

• unmarked animals

• sample unit is physical location

• response is presence/absence or available/abund

• predictor variable are resource + enviro conditions

design 2

• invasive location based selection/avoidance

• individual animla ID

• sample unit is repeated

• response is location

• predictor are resources + enviro condit

• determine selection/avoidance

design 3 

• invasive individual resource selection 

• individual animal ID

• individual level resource selection patterns are pooled to determine pop level selection