Global Demography

Birth Rate and Death Rate

• Can heavily affect the nation in All aspects

• 2.1 Births per woman to sustain population

Migration: Internal and External

• Movement of People

• Within Borders and Beyond

• Beneficial and Problematic

Demographic Transition Theory

• A conceptual framework for population growth

• Showcases societal developments on it

Preindustrial Society

• High Birth Rate, High Death Rate

• High Fertility, High Mortality

High Birth Rate

• Lack of family planning

• High infant mortality rates

• Economic need for large families to support agricultural work

High death rate

• limited medical knowledge

• poor hygiene

• out breaks of infectious diseases

Transitional Society

• decline of death rate

• birth rates remain high

• improvements in health care, sanitation, food supply

Industrial Society

• Birth and Death rate decline

Postindustrial Society

• Low birth rate

• Low death rate

• Stable and aging population

Challenges

• Population decline - birth rates falling below replacement levels

• Challanges related to an aging population:

  • Increased health care costs

  • Shrinking labor force

Demographic Transition Theory

Not all countries follow the same path or experience the stages at the same rate

Europe & North America

transitioning period happened late 18th and 19th century, now they fully transitioned into postindustrial nations

Asia

some nations in asia like korea and japan have fully transitioned postindustrial with very low fertility rates and an aging population while nationsl ike India still exhibit lower death rates but a still a young population transitioning/industrial

Africa

many countries still transitioning. characterized with high births and relative high deaths however decreasing as services improve. examples: Botswana, Mauritius

Issues in Global Demography

• Urbanization

• Aging Population

• Migration

Urbanization

people living in cities than in rural areas. Causes traffic, pollution, and lack of housing. e.g: Asia and Africa

Aging Population

• people living longer and having fewer children, more elder and fewer workers which puts preassure on pensions and healthcare

Migration

driven by jobs, education, and better living conditions. this helps fill labor gaps but can also cause preassure on housing and services

Policy Implications to Address the Issue:

• Family Planning and Reproductive Health

• Economic Developlent and Education

• Social Security and Health Care

• Migration Management

Family Planning and Reproductive Health

Birth control, Pregnancy Planning, Abortion, Maternal Care

Economic Development and Education

Wider education esp for women/girls, increased job oportunities, investment, reduce poverty

Social Security and Health Care -

access to healthcare facilities, subsidized healthcare, retirement plans, 401k, pensions

Migration Management

border control, migration and its effects on the society, integration of migrants and refugees, social cohesion