AP Psychology Unit 5b Part 2

meta analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

evidence-based interventions

treatments that have been found to be effective on the basis of valid and reliable research studies

therapeutic alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem

psychotropic medication therapy

The treatment of psychiatric disorders with medication that affects brain chemistry.

asylums

facilities for treating the mentally ill in Europe during the Middle Ages and into the 19th century.

deinstitutionalization

moving people with psychological or developmental disabilities from highly structured institutions to home- or community-based settings

psychological therapies

Therapies based on psychological principles (rather than on the biomedical approach); often called "psychotherapy."

medical therapies

Those therapies - including drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery - generally designed to correct a physical condition that is believed to be the cause of a psychological disorder.

ethical principles

standards of what is right/wrong with regard to important social values and norms

nonmaleflcence

do no harm

fidelity

faithfulness; loyalty

integrity

(n.) honesty, high moral standards; an unimpaired condition, completeness, soundness

respect

to look up to someone; to show honor

psychodynamic therapies

Treatments that stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual's problems

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

dream interpretation

a technique used in psychoanalysis in which the content of dreams is analyzed for disguised or symbolic wishes, meanings, and motivations

unconscious mind

level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness

cognitive therapies

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

cognitive restructuring

a therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs

fear hierarchies

feared objects, activities or situations are ranked according to difficulty. They begin with mildly or moderately difficult exposures, then progress to harder ones.

cognitive triad

The three forms of negative thinking that Aaron Beck theorizes lead people to feel depressed. The triad consists of a negative view of one's experiences, oneself, and the future.

applied behavior analysis

the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior

counterconditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

cognitive-behavioral therapies

therapy approaches that seek to help clients change both counterproductive behaviors and dysfunctional ways of thinking

dialectical behavior therapy

A form of treatment in which the focus is on getting people to accept who they are regardless of whether it matches their ideal.

rational-emotive behavior therapy

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

humanistic approach to therapy

aim to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance

person-centered therapy

a nondirective insight therapy based on the work of Carl Rogers in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens

active listening

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

individual therapy

treatment modality in which the client and clinician meet one-on-one

hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

psychoactive medications

chemical compounds that can influence how people feel and think

antidepressants

a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of depression

antianxiety disorders

treats anxiety, panic, and mood disorders

lithium

to treat mania that is part of bipolar disorder (manic-depressive illness).

antipsychotic medications

Prescription drugs that are used to reduce psychotic symptoms; frequently used in the treatment of schizophrenia; also called neuroleptics.

tardive dyskeinesia

bizarre facial and tongue movements, stiff neck, and difficulty swallowing

psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

the use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain activity as a way to study brain regions

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

lobotomy

A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

lesion

tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue