Lesson 1 - Definition and Perspectives

Sir Rudy Danganan Jr.

Culture

It refers to the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another.

Socialization

The concept of ________ is one of the core tenants in the perspective of Culture as the Software of the Mind.

Culture as the Software of the Mind

In the _________ perspective, culture refers to the information, learning, and behaviors that are shared or lived within the same environment.

Learned

In the perspective of Culture as the Software of the Mind, culture is ________ and not inherited (hardware).

Adapt

In the Culture as the Software of the Mind perspective, humans need to know how to act and be based on what is necessary to _______ to the demands of a particular ecological niche or context–hence, necessary for survival.

Cultural Variation

In the Culture as the Software of the Mind perspective, the __________ is referred to as the “software” of the mind.

Culture as Shared Meanings and Interpretations

In the __________ perspective, shared meanings and attributions mediate and moderate our experience with the behaviors of others and the situations in which they occur.

Existential Uncertainty

Shweder (1991) proposed that due to the principle of _________, humans are, from birth, motivated to extrapolate meanings from the events, situations, and environment with which they interact.

Meanings

In the Culture as Shared Meanings and Interpretations perspective, it posits that our behaviors respond to the _________ we attribute to situations and behaviors.

Human Needs

In the Culture as Shared Meanings and Interpretations perspective, culture is adaptive to what works in addressing and satisfying essential _________

Evolutionary Psychology

It refers to the study of the evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection.

Culture

_________ might be the highest form of adaptation

Human-Made

In the Culture as “What has Worked in the Past” perspective, culture is seen as the _______ part of the environment.

Physical

In the Culture as “What has Worked in the Past” perspective, the _______ aspect refers to the tools, bridges, religious institutions, etc.

Subjective Elements

In the Culture as “What has Worked in the Past” perspective, the ________ aspect refers to the beliefs, attitudes, values, etcl.

Culture

In the Culture as “What has Worked in the Past” perspective, ________ refers to the shared knowledge and schemes created by a set of people for perceiving, interpreting, expressing, and responding to the social realities around them.

Human Adaptation

In the Culture as “What has Worked in the Past” perspective, culture is the highest form of _______

True

Collectivism most frequently occurs in agricultural societies.

True or False

False

Religious samples are more individualistic than secular samples.

True or False

False

The upper social classes, in all societies, are more collectivist than the lower classes.

True or False

True

When the ecology requires interdependence, this increases the probabilty of collectivism.

True or False

B.F. Skinner

According to _______, culture is a set of schedules of reinforcement

Consequence

In the perspective of Culture as a Set of Schedules of Reinforcement, culture is seen to offer rules of conduct, customs, ideas, and ways of being that if adopted, are likely to bring positive _________

Reinforced

In the perspective of Culture as a Set of Schedules of Reinforcement, behaviors and ways of being that make survival more probable are ________ or selected for tranmission to the next generation.

True

In the perspective of Culture as a Set of Schedules of Reinforcement, the belief that obeying the rules of the culture and positive reinforcement will likely occur is highly prominent.

True or False

Existential Questions

In the Culture as Defense Against the “Terror” Inherent in the Human Condition perspective, culture may be thought of as a meaning system that addresses the essential ________ of life as well as providing values to live by and a way to be.

Mortality

One example from the Culture as Defense Against the “Terror” Inherent in the Human Condition perspective, __________ is seen as a universal thing and an essential human concern, but cultures address this fact in varied ways through ritual, ceremony, and belief.

True

In the Culture as Defense Against the “Terror” Inherent in the Human Condition perspective, in order for culture to address core human needs, it requires both physioloical and psychological aspects.

True or False.

Psychological Defense

In the Culture as Defense Against the “Terror” Inherent in the Human Condition perspective, culture serves as a _________ against this uniquely human problem, specifically terror or mortality.

Self-Esteem

In the Culture as Defense Against the “Terror” Inherent in the Human Condition perspective, _________ is used as a buffer against anxiety

False

In the Culture as “Roadmap for Living” perspective, it focuses on the concept of Living vs Dying.

True or False

Meaning and Purpose

In the Culture as “Roadmap for Living” perspective, culture is seen as a way of finding ________ in life.