2020 SACE Stage 2 Chemistry -Topic 3

Alcohol

R-OH (-an # -ol)

Ketone

RCOR (-one)

Alkenes

CnH2n (-ene)

Carboxilic Acid

R-COOH

Amides

RCONH2

Aldehydes

RCHO

Alkanes

CnH2n+2 (-ane)

Esters

RCOOR

Amines

R-NH2

Alkynes

CnH2n-2 (-yne)

Saturated

the most # H to the number of carbons

Unsaturated

they will have triple or double bonds so there is less H then the # of C can have.

Tollen's reaction

how to tell if you have a aldehyde

Aldehydes oxidised under acidic solutions

will give you a carboxylic acid

Alderhyde oxidised under basic conditions

will give you a salt of carboxylic acid (carboxylate)

oxidising agent

Cr2O7/H+ orange to green

monosaccharide to a polysaccharide formula examples

nC6H12O6 -->C6nH10n+2O5n+1 + (n-1)H2O

(the numbers will be changed if a different carbohydrate is used)

(10 H is 2 less as the each carbohydrate lose 2 H but the end to only lose 1 that's why it is + 2)

monosaccharides (Carbohydrates)

example is glucose.

condensation reaction will give you a: disaccharide and water or polysaccharide and water

Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide formula example

Cx"Hz"Oy" + Cx'Hz'Oy' --> CxHzOy + H2O

and then balance

meth

1 carbon

eth

2 carbons

prop

3 carbons

but

4 carbons

pent

5 carbons

hex

6 carbons

7 carbons

hept

oct

8 carbons

9 carbons

non

dec

10 carbons

11 carbons

undec

12 carbons

dodec

Homologous series and is properties

A series of organic compounds with the same functional group adjacent members differs by CH2

Mp and Bp increase

increasing M = increasing dispersion forces = larger and stronger temporary dipoles

solubility properties

ability to bond with water is stronger then it ability to bond to its self

hydrophilic components compared to hydrophobic component

decreases with increased chain size (more carbons) opposite in organic solvents

hydrogen bonding increase solubility increases

like dissolves like.

-OH -NH2 Solubility

can hydrogen bond with water and themselves

-O- C=O

cant hydrogen bond with themselves but can with water

-COOH -CONH2

can hydrogen bond with water and themselves

polar

having a pair of equal and opposite charges that don't balance/cancel out each other

Non-polar

equal sharing of electrons charges that balance/cancel out each other

RCH2OH -[O]-> RCHO -[O]-> RCOOH

Primary alcohol -[O]->aldehyde -[O]-> carboxylic acid

oxidisation of a primary alcohol or aldehyde gives a carboxylic acid

single -COOH group

-anoic acid

two -COOH group

-ane-#,#-dioic acid

carboxylic acid with bases

acid + base --> salt (cation + anion/carboxylate) + water

carboxylic acid with bases reaction with hydroxides

R-COOH + OH- --> R-COO- + H2O

carboxylic acid with bases reaction with hydroxides (spectator ions)

R-COOH + NaOH --> R-COO-Na+ + H2O

carboxylic acid with bases reaction with carbonates

2R-COOH + CO3 --> 2R-COO-+ + H2O + CO2

carboxylic acid with bases reaction with carbonates (spectator ions)

2R-COOH + Na2CO3 --> 2R-COO-Na+ + H2O + CO2

carboxylic acid with bases reaction with hydrogen carbonates (spectator ions)

R-COOH + NaHCO3 --> R-COO-Na+ + H2O + CO2

carboxylic acid with bases reaction with hydrogen carbonates

R-COOH + HCO3 --> R-COO- + H2O + CO2

converting carboxylic acid into its conjugate base by adding a base

more soluble in water as it changes the carboxylic functional group into a salt

ionic -COOH- group and Na+ for and ion-dipole bond with water stronger then hydrogen bonding between -COOH and water

carboxylic acids can form 2 hydrogen bonds per molecule

the ionic -COO- groups prevent hydrogen bonding between

-COOH groups

prefer to hydrogen bond to them rather than water lowering its solubility.

single -NH2 group

-an-#-amine

two -NH2 group

-ane-#,#-diamine

1° 2° 3° structures amines

# C attached to N

Are amines bases?

yes they can accept H+ to become ammonium ions

Alkyl ammonium salts

solid @ room temp

highly soluble as they can form ion dipole bonds with water

(drugs with amine functional group often cget converted into their corresponding ammonium forms to improve shel life and/or solubility)

carboxylic acid + alcohol + heat (reflux) (condensation/esterification reaction) -- H2SO4 ⇌

ester + water

Under reflux

continual boiling without loss of volatile compounds

To name an ester,

split the alcohol and carboxylic acid (C=O) and name

Flip the functional groups to face

esters

diols and dicarboxylic acids for ester bonds creating

polyesters (condensation polymers)

a monomer with and alcohol functional group and a carboxylic acid functional group will form a

polyester

ester bonds hydrolysed under acid catalyst

opposite to ester formation you get the acid and alcohol

ester bonds hydrolysed under basic catalyst

forms the conjugative base (carboxylate -COO-) and alcohol.

carboxylic acids + amines =

amides

to deduce the amine and acid

find the C-N bond, split it, add add OH to the amine side and OH to the acid side.

polyamides

diamine + dicarboxylic acid

or a monomer with a one amine and one carboxylic acid

polyamides are stronger then polyesters due to

its ability to hydrogen bond to adjacent chains

drawing a polyamide

Polyamide can undergo hydrolyse under acidic conditions it will form alcohol and amine

Polyamide can hydrolyse under basic conditions it will form alcohol and amine

Triglycerides (triesters) are formed between

propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol) and "fatty acids"

I got up to Triglycerides pg 3

I got up to Triglycerides pg 3