Grade 10 AP Science Exam Review

What are the 4 families of elements in the periodic table?

* Alkali Metals
* Alkaline Earth Metals
* Halogens
* Noble Gases

Alkali Metals

* Valence Electrons: 1
* Reactivity: Highly reactive, easily lose 1 electron.
* Example: Sodium (Na)

Alkaline Earth Metals

* Valence Electrons: 2
* Reactivity: Reactive, lose 2 electrons.
* Example: Calcium (Ca)

Halogens

* Valence Electrons: 7
* Reactivity: Highly reactive nonmetals, gain 1 electron.
* Example: Chlorine (Cl)

Noble Gases

* Valence Electrons: 8 (except helium: 2)
* Reactivity: Very low reactivity, stable with full valence electron shells.
* Example: Neon (Ne)

What is the difference between a physical change and a chemical change?

Physical Change:

* Definition: Alters the physical properties of a substance without changing its chemical composition.
* Example: Melting ice into water.

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Chemical Change:

* Definition: Results in the formation of new substances with different chemical properties.
* Example: Burning wood to produce ash and smoke.

What is an ion?

An atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons, resulting in a net positive or negative charge.

How do elements form a charge?

Elements form a charge by gaining or losing electrons.

State the charges of: H

H (Hydrogen): +1

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State the charges of: Ca

Ca (Calcium): +2

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State the charges of: Li

Li (Lithium): +1

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State the charges of: Mg

Mg (Magnesium): +2

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State the charges of: O

O (Oxygen): -2

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State the charges of: F

F (Fluorine): -1

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State the charges of: N

N (Nitrogen): -3

What is the name of a positively charged ion?

Cation

What is the name of a negatively charged ion?

Anion

What is the difference(s) between ionic and molecular compounds?

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**Ionic Compounds:**

* Bonding: Forms through the transfer of electrons, resulting in the formation of oppositely charged ions.
* Bonds: Ionic bonds.
* Elements: Involves a metal and a nonmetal.
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**Molecular Compounds:**

* Bonding: Forms through the sharing of electrons between atoms, creating covalent bonds.
* Bonds: Covalent bonds.
* Elements: Involves nonmetals bonding with other nonmetals.

What are polyatomic ions?

Polyatomic ions are ions that contain multiple atoms.

What are diatomic molecules? Give two examples

 Molecules composed of two atoms of the same element bonded together.

Examples: Oxygen (O2) and Nitrogen (N2).

difference between climate and weather

Climate: Long-term patterns of temperature, humidity, and precipitation in a specific region.

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Weather: Short-term variations in temperature, humidity, and precipitation. (day to day)

Highest layer of atmosphere

Exosphere

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Methane and nitrous oxide molecules are much *less* powerful than a carbon dioxide molecule in contributing to the greenhouse effect.

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Greenhouse gases are able to trap long wave radiation near the Earth's surface. 

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Trees and oceans are important carbon sinks.

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If the Greenland Ice Sheet melted completely, it would raise the global sea level by about

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The thermal energy of a substance

increases as particles speed up.

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the strongest green house gas is

CFC

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Positive feedback loops *decrease* the effect of anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

False

Which of the following statements is not true about what happens to radiation from the Sun once it reaches Earth?

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Nearly half of it transmits through Earth.

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The use of technology to change Earth's environment is called

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geoengineering

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All of the following are greenhouse gases, except

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nitrogen

Eccentricity is another term for

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shape of orbit

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greenhouse gases in order from least powerful molecule to most powerful molecule

carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane

zone depletion in the stratosphere is caused by human-made compounds called

chlorofluorocarbons

Which of the following are layers of the atmosphere?

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mesosphere, troposphere, exosphere

Wobble is another term for

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precession of tilt

Warmer water holds more oxygen than colder water.

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false

One reason ocean water levels are increase is because ocean water is getting warmer.

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True

Warmer water holds more oxygen than colder water.

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true

This is the main component in smog.

ground level ozone

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             Earth's climate system is powered by

The sun

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Obliquity  is another term for

tilt

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The net radiation budget of the Earth is the

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difference between the incoming solar radiation and outgoing infrared radiation.

High latitude regions of the Earth will receive different amounts of solar energy during the year due to

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the tilt of the Earth on its axis.