scientific revolution

Aristotle

philosopher, logic, and biology influence on western culture

Galen

implications on human anatomy, although wrong

Ptolemy

Islamic astronomy and geocentrism

Copernicus

first proposed heliocentrism

Kepler

law of planetary motion: planets orbit the sun in ellispes rather than circles.

Galileo

Italian, improved telescope discovered moons around jupiter, recant heliocentrism.

Scientific method 1

observation

Scientific method 2

question

Scientific method 3

hypothesis

Scientific method 4

research

Scientific method 5

conclusion

Scientific method 6

corrobation

Enlightenment Despots

Autocratic rulers which were inspired by enlightened ideals

Catherine the Great (II)

(Russia, 1762-1796)
Policies favored nobility, expanded russian influence and territory.
Reforms of limited religious tolerance, modernization of russia, educaiton, law. Increased control over serfs
Balance reform while maintain control

Frederick the Great

(Prussia, 1740-1786)
-military, adminstrative reforms, abolished torture, religious tolerance, modernize Prussia’s bureaucracy.
Strict control plus resist more democratic reform

Joseph II

(Austria, 1765-1780)
-radical chages, abolish death penalty and torture, freedom of worship, education, reduce power of cahtolic church in austrian politics, equality and justice.
-reforms were undone after his death

John Locke

government by the consent of the people and natural rights

Voltaire

(francois marie arouet)
champion of free speech and religious tolernace

70+ works, satire critizicing censorship and injustice. Letters to catherine the great.

Rousseau

Virtually abandonded & alone.
Left genevea for fighting a duel.
befriended wealthy ppl who paid for his education
Believed that luxury, corruption & greed ruined natural goodness, decision made locally

Thomas hobbes

social unrest in birthplace, well traveled
Believed in absolute power, humanitiy is evil → have locks and carry arms

Beccaria

Book against torture & death penalty.
Academy of fist, influenced by phisolphes (montesquieu)
punishments detrimenal on population, believed punishment hsould be proprotionate unless it will be tyranny

Wollstonecraft

resources given to elder brother →
Women were equal to Men
Marriage → oppressive
women participate in civic duty

rationality is the same throughout sex