Cell Structures

Organelles

specialized structures in cells that perform specific functions

Cytoplasm

jelly-like substance that holds organelles

Cell Membrane

also called as "PLASMA MEMBRANE." structure that encloses the cytoplasm

Intracellular and Extracellular

What are materials inside and outside the cells that act as a selective barrier

Fluid-Mosaic Model

model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane.

Polar and Non-polar

What are the 2 phospholipids region?

Hydrophilic

The polar head region of phospholipid molecule is?

Hydrophobic

The non-polar tail region of a phospholipid molecule is?

Polar region

exposed to water around the membrane

Nonpolar region

facing the interior of the membrane

Passive membrane transport

does not require the cell to expend energy

Active membrane transport

does require the cell to expend energy, usually in the form of ATP

Edema

swelling

Diffusion

involves movement of substances in a solution down a concentration gradient

Solutes

substance dissolved in a solution

Solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances, which is "solute"

Diffusion

movement from high concentration to a low concentration

Concentration gradient

the difference in the concentration of a solute in a solvent between two points divided by the distance between two points

steeper

when the concentration difference is large or the distance is small, the concentration gradient is.

Lipid soluble substance

can diffuse directly through the phospholipid bilayer

Water-Soluble substances (ions)

can diffuse across the cell membrane only by passing through cell membrane channels

Leak channels

constantly allow ions to pass through

Gated channels

limit the movement of ions across the membrane by opening and closing

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower water concentration

Osmotic pressure

osmosis exerts a pressure, which is the force required to prevent the movement of water across cell membranes, and it is termed?

Hypotonic

has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water relative to the cytoplasm of the cell

Swell

When the water moves by osmosis into the cell, it will cause what?

Lysis

if the cell swells enough, it can rupture, and the process is called?

Isotonic

has the same solute concentrations inside and outside the cell, cell will neither shrink nor swell

Hypertonic

has a higher solute concentration and lower water concentration of solute than the surrounding solution

Shrinkage or crenation

when water moves by osmosis from the cell into the hypertonic solution, it can result in a?

Isosmotic Solutions

have the same concentration of solute particles as a reference solution

Hyperosmotic Solution

have a greater concentration of solutes particles than a reference solution

Hyposmotic Solution

have a lower concentration of solute particles than a reference solution

Carrier Proteins

bind to ions or molecules and transport them

Channel Proteins

form membrane channels

Mediated transport

process by which transport proteins mediate, assist in, the movement of ions and molecules across the plasma membrane

Uniport

moves an ion or molecule down to its concentration gradient

Symport

moves two or more ions or molecules in the same direction

Antiport

moves two or more ions or molecules in the opposite direction

ATP powered pumps

move ions or molecules against their concentration gradient using the energy from ATP

Secondary Active transport

uses the energy of one substance moving down to its concentration gradient to move another substance across the plasma membrane

Vesicular transport

transport of large particles and macromolecules across the plasma membrane

Osmosis

the diffusion of a solvent (water) across a selectively permeable membrane via diffusion

Solution

any mixture of liquids, solids ,and gases in which the substances are uniformly distributed with no clear boundary

Phagocytosis

movement of solid material is ingested into cells

Pinocytosis

the uptake of small droplets of liquids and the materials in them

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

plasma membrane receptors attaching to molecules that are then taken into the cell