Pattern

A repeated or regular arrangement of shapes, colors, numbers, or designs observed in nature or created by humans.

Symmetry

A balanced and proportionate similarity found on opposite sides of a dividing line or around a center point (e.g., butterfly wings, starfish).

Fractal

A complex geometric pattern where each part has a similar structure to the whole; found in snowflakes, ferns, and coastlines.

Spiral

A curve that winds around a center point, getting progressively closer or farther away. Common in shells, galaxies, and flowers.

Tessellation

A repeating pattern of shapes that fit together without gaps or overlaps. Seen in honeycombs and some plant structures.

Golden Ratio (Φ)

An irrational number (approximately 1.618) often found in nature and art, closely related to the Fibonacci sequence. Associated with aesthetically pleasing proportions.

Premise

A statement or assumption used as the basis for an argument or reasoning process.

Conclusion

The final statement reached through reasoning based on the premises.

Observation

Information gathered through senses or data, often used as a starting point for inductive reasoning.

Generalization

A broad statement or rule developed from observing patterns or multiple examples. Often the result of inductive reasoning.

Syllogism

A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.

Validity

The quality of an argument where the conclusion logically follows from the premises. A deductive argument is valid if its structure is correct.

Soundness

A deductive argument is sound if it is both valid and its premises are true.

Counterexample

An example that disproves a generalization or shows that a statement is not always true. Used to challenge inductive conclusions.

Place Value

The value of a digit based on its position in a number

Round-off

The process of adjusting a number to make it simpler but still close to its original value. This is

often done to the nearest ten, hundred, or decimal place.

Ratio

- A comparison of two quantities using division. It shows how many times one value contains or is contained within the other.

Proportion

An equation that states two ratios are equal.

SI Units (International System of Units)

The standard system of measurement used worldwide, based

on powers of 10. It includes units like meter (length), kilogram (mass), and second (time).

Metric Units

A system of measurement based on the SI system that uses units such as millimeters, centimeters, meters, and kilometers for length; grams and kilograms for mass; and liters for volume.