integ. sci quiz 1 study guide

dr. lewis pop quiz on 9/1

completely deconstruct the body into its smallest components parts.

body systems, organs, tissues, cells and chemical: macromolecules → elements

why do we say that living systems are composed of lifeless molecules?

the individual atoms and molecules that make up the body are not alive by themselves. life emerges when these nonliving components are organized into a highly ordered system that can perform the functions of life.

which elements are referred to as bioelements?

C, H, O, N, P, S — carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.

what are the unique properties of the bioelements?

the unique properties of the bioelements are that they readily form covalent bonds by electron-pair sharing, they are among the lightest elements capable of forming strong covalent bonds, and they can react with each other to form a very large number of different compounds.

explain why we can infer that all living organisms have a common ancestor.

we can infer that all living organisms have a common ancestor because they are complicated and highly organized, and each component part of a living organism appears to have a specific purpose or function (wings, eyes, flowers, leaves, etc.). they also have the capacity to extract and transform energy from the environment.

name the 4 major macromolecules found in living organisms.

proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and lipids

name the building-block molecules that make up the macromolecules

proteins → amino acids

polysaccharides → monosaccharides

nucleic acids → nucleotides

lipids → fatty acids + glycerol

what are supramolecular systems? give an example.

a supramolecular system is an organized assembly of multiple molecules or macromolecules that associate to perform a larger function. example: a ribosome, which contains rRNA and proteins.

differentiate between homeostasis and disease

homeostasis is a state of balance or equilibrium maintained by physiological processes of the body. disease is a departure from homeostasis.

carbonyl

carboxyl/carboxylic acid

hydroxyl/alcohol

aldehyde

ketone

amino

sulfhydryl/thiol

phosphate

differentiate between the functional nature of a cell of a multicellular & unicellular organism.

a multicellular organism has cells that specialize for particular jobs and cooperate with other cells to maintain the whole organism. whereas unicellular organisms have one cell is the entire organism, so that single cell must perform all functions needed for survival.

name the 2 types of cells based on their nuclear structures & their internal components.

eukaryotic cells have well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. prokaryotic cells have a nucleoid and no organelles; cytoplasmic structures.

name the organisms that contain a eukaryotic cell structure.

animals, plants, fungi etc

name the organisms that contain a prokaryotic cell structure.

bacteria and archaea

name the total size of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells; prokaryotic cells.

eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosome = 80S.
prokaryotic ribosome = 70S.

name the sizes of the ribosomal subunits in eukaryotic cells; prokaryotic cells.

eukaryotic: 80S ribosome = 60S large + 40S small
prokaryotic: 70S ribosome = 50S large + 30S small

name the organism that is acelluar & referred to as an obligate intracellular parasite.

virus