Lecture Notes: Chapter 1-8 - Anatomy & Physiology Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering key anatomical regions, movements, regulatory systems, and homeostatic concepts mentioned in the lecture notes.

Umbilical region

Center region of the nine abdominal/pelvic regions, named for the belly button (umbilicus).

Right hypochondriac region

Upper right abdominal region below the right rib cage; hypo means below cartilage (costal cartilage).

Epigastric region

Top central region above the stomach; epi means on/over.

Hypogastric region

Lower central region below the stomach.

Right lumbar region

Right middle abdominal region near the lumbar area.

Left lumbar region

Left middle abdominal region near the lumbar area.

Right iliac (inguinal) region

Lower right region near the groin (inguinal/iliac area).

Left iliac (inguinal) region

Lower left region near the groin (inguinal/iliac area).

Nine-region abdominal plan

Division of the abdomen into nine regions arranged like a tic-tac-toe grid.

Anterior superior iliac spine

Prominent hip bone landmark on the ilium.

Iliac bone (ilium)

Uppermost part of the hip bone (part of the pelvic girdle).

Cecum

First part of the large intestine, located in the right iliac/inguinal region.

Gallbladder

Green organ beneath the liver that stores bile.

Spleen

Organ located under the left lower ribs, tucked under the floating ribs; posterior to the stomach.

Visceral pleura

Serous membrane that directly covers the lungs.

Liver

Large organ in the abdominal cavity; can be described as intraperitoneal in relation to the peritoneal cavity.

Lung cavities (pleural cavity)

Space around the lungs associated with the pleura and pleural fluid.

Synovial cavity

Joint cavity that contains synovial fluid to reduce friction in movable joints.

Liver in peritoneal cavity

Liver is housed within the peritoneal cavity.

Epithelium? (not needed)

(Placeholder for content not covered in notes; intentionally omitted.)

Nine region RUQ/LUQ/RLQ/LLQ

Right/Left Upper/Lower Quadrants used to localize organs; RUQ often contains liver and gallbladder, LUQ contains stomach and spleen.

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

Abdominal region containing liver and gallbladder area.

Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

Abdominal region containing stomach and spleen area.

Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

Abdominal region containing cecum and portions of intestine.

Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Abdominal region containing portions of colon and small intestine.

Carpals and tarsals (gliding joints)

Joints where bones slide over one another with little to no angle change (e.g., wrist and ankle).

Gliding (planar) joint movement

Movement with no significant angle change between contacting surfaces.

Flexion

Decrease in the angle of a joint.

Extension

Increase in the angle of a joint.

Hyperextension

Extension beyond 180 degrees.

Lateral flexion

Bending the trunk or neck to the side.

Dorsiflexion

Flexing the foot so the toes point upward.

Plantar flexion

Pointing the toes downward (plantar surface).

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body.

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body.

Circumduction

Combination of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in a circular motion.

Medial rotation

Rotation toward the midline of the body.

Lateral rotation

Rotation away from the midline of the body.

Supination

Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces up or anteriorly.

Pronation

Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces down or posteriorly.

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward.

Eversion

Turning the sole of the foot outward.

Opposition

Thumb-to-finger movement; a human-specific ability contributing to grasp.

Intra vs extra-regulation (intrinsic/extrinsic)

Intrinsic/autoregulation: local automatic adjustments within an organ; Extrinsic: regulation from outside (brain or endocrine system).

Autoregulation (intrinsic regulation) example

Local control such as pancreatic delta cells releasing somatostatin to modulate insulin release.

Somatostatin

Hormone from pancreatic delta cells that inhibits insulin release.

Baroreceptors

Pressure sensors in arteries (e.g., carotid bodies) that detect blood pressure changes.

Thermoregulatory center

Hypothalamus in the brain that maintains body temperature.

Stimulus

A detectable change in the internal or external environment that triggers a response.

Receptor

Sensor that detects a stimulus and transmits information to the control center.

Control center

Brain or endocrine organ that processes input and issues commands.

Effector

Organ that carries out the response instructed by the control center.

Negative feedback

A loop that reduces the original stimulus to maintain homeostasis; the most common body mechanism.

Positive feedback

A loop that amplifies the original stimulus, moving away from homeostasis until a terminating event occurs (e.g., childbirth, coagulation).

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite external changes.

Set point and range

A target value (set point) for a parameter with an allowable range of variation; individual-specific.

Oxytocin

Hormone released during childbirth that increases uterine contractions; part of a positive feedback loop.

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

Chronic failure of the heart to pump effectively, leading to fluid buildup and potential worsening through a positive feedback cycle.