Chemical Bonds and Electronegativity

Vocabulary flashcards covering atomic subatomic particles, electronegativity, ionic and covalent bonding, electron shells, and ion formation.

Protons

Subatomic particles with a positive charge.

Electrons

Subatomic particles with a negative charge.

Neutrons

Subatomic particles with a neutral charge.

Electronegativity

The ability to form chemical bonds.

Ionic bond

A chemical bond where an electron moves independently and there is a huge electronegativity difference.

Covalent bond

A chemical bond where an electron doesn't move independently and there is an equal or smaller electronegativity difference.

Nonpolar bond

A covalent bond formed when the electronegativity difference is less than $0.4$.

Polar bond

A covalent bond formed when the electronegativity difference is between $0.4$ and $2.0$.

Atomic mass

The combined value equal to protons + neutrons.

Neutrons formula

Calculated by subtracting protons from the atomic mass rounded to a whole number ($\text{atomic mass} - \text{protons}$).

Positive charge formation

Occurs when an atom loses electrons.

Negative charge formation

Occurs when an atom gains electrons.

First electron shell

The innermost electron shell that contains up to $2$ electrons.

Second, third, and fourth electron shells

Electron shells that each hold up to $8$ electrons.

Sodium ($\text{Na}$)

An element with an atomic number of $11$ ($11$ protons and $11$ neutrons) that becomes positive ($\text{Na}^+$) upon losing $1$ electron.