Kin Exam

Chapter 1: Principles and Terminology Chapter 2: The Skeletal System Chapter 3: The Muscular System Chapter 4: Joints Mechanics and Injuries Chapter 5 - Energy Systems & Muscle Fiber Types Chapter 6 - Nervous System Chapter 7 - Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems UNIT2: Chapter 10 - Nutrition and Performance Chapter 11 - Performance Enhancing Substances Chapter 13 - Training Principles and Methods

origin of sternocleidomastoid (neck)

sternum and clavicle

insertion of sternocleidomastoid

mastoid process

function of sternocleidomastoid

Flexes head and rotates head

origin of splenius

C4,5,6,7\upper thoracic cavity

insertion of splenius

nuchal line\c1,2,3

function of splenius

rotates head and neck

origin of diaphragm

sternum: costal cartilage,lumbar vertebrae

insertion of diaphragm

central tendon

function of diaphragm

Increase thoracic volume, decrease pressure in cavity to draw air in

origin of intercostal muscles

inferior ribs

insertion of ribs

superior ribs

origin of rectus abdominis

pubic crest and symphysis pubis

insertion of rectus abdominis

xiphoid process, inferior ribs (costal cartilages 5-7)

function of rectus abdominis

flexes trunk, aids in expiration, pushing actions

origin external oblique and transversus abdominis

lower 8 ribs

insertion of external oblique and transversus abdominis

illac crest, linea alba,pubis

function of external oblique and transversus abdominis

flex, rotate vertebral column, compress abdomen

origin of pectoralis major

clavicle, sternum, ribs 1-6

insertion of pectoralis major

intertubercular groove of humerus

function of pectoralis major

Internal rotation, adduction and flexion of arm

origin of latissimus dorsi

lower thoracic vertebrae, lumbar, crest of ilium, sacrum

insertion of latissimus dorsi

intertubercular groove of humerus

function of latissimus dorsi

extends, adducts, and medially rotates arm

origin of supraspinatus

posterior scapula, supraspinous fossa

insertion of supraspinatus

greater tubercle of humerus

function of supraspinatus

stabllizer shoulder, adducts shoulder, laterally rotates shoulder

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine triphosphate

What does it do?

Stores chemical energy used to fuel cellular processes.

What does it consist of?

Three phosphate attached to one adenosine by sugar molecule

Enzyme that breaks apart the bonds

ATPase

What is the anaerobic system used for?

Used for quick and powerful movements but does not last long.

When does the aerobic system begin?

After anaerobic systems is used up.

Where does the aerobic system occur and what is its function?

Occurs in Mitochondria and helps break down fats and proteins once carbohydrates have been used.

What are the three metabolic pathways

1. ATP-PC Pathway (anaerobic alactic)

2. Glycolysis (anaerobic lactic)

3. Cellular Respiration (aerobic)

How long does ATP-PC last?

10-15 seconds

What does PC stands for?

Stands for Phosphocreatine

What is Phosphocreatine?

A high energy molecule similar to ATP, PC will lose phosphate and release a large amount of energy.

Chemical Formula

PC+ADP= ADP+ Creatine

What events would use this pathway?

Sprints, jumping, hitting a ball, series in football

This system generally kicks in once the ATP-PC system is used up

Glycolysis

How long does glycolysis last?

1-3 minutes

(Fill in) During this process, glucose is partially broken down to provide _ ATP per glucose

2

Where does it occur and does it require oxygen?

Occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen.

What event pathway use this pathway?

Boxing, hockey shift, short distance running.

Main byproduct of Glycolysis

Pyruvic Acid

What is pyruvic acid converted into?

Lactic acid without the presence of oxygen

This system comes into play after 90 seconds of activity and also known as cellular respiration

Aerobic System

Energy sources:

Fats and proteins

Fill in: Oxygen is present in these reactions and they occur in _______.

Mitochondria

Cellular Respiration 3 pathways:

Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, Electron Transport Chain

Takes the high energy electrons and produces large amounts of ATP with water and carbon dioxide as its by products.

Electron Transport Chain

A series of 8 reactions yields 2 ATP, plus compounds (FADH2, NADH) which have high energy electrons, they are sent to the next pathway.

Kreb’s cycle

Pyruvate from the previous pathway is converted into Acetyl-Coa since oxygen is present, which is sent to the Kreb’s cycle (citric acid cycle)

Glycolysis

A protein called ____ stores and delivers oxygen in working muscles.

Myoglobin (muscles with higher amount of myoglobin can perform for a longer time)

Red or dark in colour and small in diameter

Slow-Twitch Muscles FIbres

Pale appearance and large in diameter

Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibres

Nervous System

Major components of Nervous System

Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System

Made up of the brain and spinal cord, involuntary system

Central Nervous System

The rest o f the body, this includes both voluntary and involuntary movements

Peripheral Nervous System

Control center for this system, controls activities necessary for human survival

Brain.

Fill in: The _______ _________ provides a passway for nerves to travel to organs and tissues

Vertebral column

6 main components of brain:

Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brain stem, Diencephalon, Limbic System, Reticular Activating System

Cerebrum is the largest component and…

is responsible for intelligence, controls motor and sensory activities

controls muscles movement and balance

Cerebellum

Links with the cerebrum

Brain Stem

Helps with muscle tone and eye movement

Brain Stem

Includes the thalamus (screens incoming signals, pain response) and the hypothalamus (controls body temperature, appetite, emotions)

Diencephalon

within the cerebrum regulates behaviours needed for survival

Limbic System

through the cerebral cortex, directs information,maintains consciousness

Reticular Activating System

Consists of the parts of the nervous system that lie outside the central nervous system

Peripheral Nervous System

It includes 12 cranial nerves and ______ pairs of spinal nerves

31

_____________ or ___________ carry signals away from the central nervous systems to the body.

Efferent or motor nerves

___________ or ____________ carry signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system.

Afferent or sensory nerves

The peripheral nervous system consists of both _________ and _________ components

autonomic (involuntary) and somatic ( voluntary) components

In which system are involuntary muscle contractions regulated?

Involuntary muscle contractions are regulated by the autonomic system

Two branches which work together to prepare the body for emergencies or return to regular functioning.

Sympathetic system and Parasympathetic system

prepares the body for emergencies by releasing adrenaline, increasing the heart rate and dilating blood vessels.

Sympathetic system

returns everything back to normal once the threat is over

Parasympathetic system

Allows us to cope with our every changing environment and react accordingly.

Somatic Nervous System

What nerves does it contain?

afferent and efferent nerves

_______ nerves send information to the central nervous system

Afferent nerves

_______ nerves send instructions to the skeletal muscles.

Efferent nerves

Both autonomic and somatic systems often together?

Yes. ( Start of sprint race)

Some reflexes are controlled by the _______ _________ involving smooth and cardiac muscles such as digestion, elimination, blood pressure and sweating.

Autonomic System

Other reflex are ______ and involves skeletal muscles and don’t require the brain to coordinate the response

Somatic

The ______ ___ is a name given to the pathways an initial stimulus travels in order to coordinate a response

Reflex arc

Brain is involved in this type of reflex

False. Brain is not involved.

5 Main parts of refex arc

Receptor, Sensory (afferent) Nerve, Intermediate Nerve Fibre, Motor (Efferent) Nerve, Effector Organ

receives the initial stimulus

Receptor

carries the impulse to the spinal column

Sensory (Afferent) Nerve

Interprets the signal and issues a response

Intermediate Nerve Fibre

carries the response from the spinal cord to the muscle/organ

Motor (Efferent) Nerve

generally a skeletal muscle will carry out the response

Effector Organ

involves golgi tendon organs which are sensory receptors that end where tendons join muscle to bone. These receptors sense a change in tension and cause the muscle to relax preventing injury

Tension Reflex

 occurs when am arm or leg automatically compensates for the reflex action of another arm or leg.  This involves multiple synapses and muscle and groups, therefore is classified as a polysynaptic reflex.

Crosses-Extensor Reflex

Cardiovascular System

Cardiovascular system is compromised of 3 parts:

blood vessels,blood and the heart

Main functions of cardiovascular system:

1. Delivery of oxygen and nutrients

2. removal of carbon dioxide and other waste products

3. Maintenance of constant body temperature

4. Prevention of infection

Arteries

1. carry oxygenated blood (with the exception of the pulmonary artery), have thick walls to withstand high pressure flow, blood is bright red in colour, carry blood AWAY from the heart.