Neuro Test 3 All Units

retrograde amnesia

loss of prior memories

anterograde amnesia

inability to form new memories

hippocampus, medial temporal lobes

in 1953 what did HM have removed?

STM/working

what part of HM’s memory was not impacted?

anterograde

what type of amnesia did HM have?

does not

after semantic/episodic LTM consolidation, retrieval (does/does not) require the hippocampus

procedural memory

mirror tracing showed HM still had what type of LTM?

pairing

by doing this with older similar memories, HM could learn and remember new information

retracts gill

when you disturb the siphon of a sea slug it does what in response?

sensory neurons releasing less NT

what is the cause of short-term habituation?

loss of some synapses

what is the cause of long-term habituation?

entorhinal pathway

what pathway is involved in long term potentiation (initially)?

activates them

Glu does what to AMPA receptors?

Mg

what are NMDA receptors blocked by?

tetanus

term for a strong electrical impulse applied to the pre-synaptic neuron

larger stable response

LTP results in what after the tetanus?

procioception

knowing your body position and movement

intrinsic, do not

spinal reflexes are (extrinsic/intrinsic) and (do not/do) require use of the brain

primary motor cortex

this brain region initiates main motor commands

non-primary motor cortex

this brain region helps with additional motor commands

cerebellum/basal ganglia

these two brain regions help regulate motor control

brainstem

this brain region integrates motor commands from higher regions

spinal cord

this region implements commands from the brain

skeletal muscle system

this determines possible movements

synergists

muscles that contract together

antagonists

muscles that oppose eachother

quads and hamstrings

in class example of antagonistic muscles

alpha motoneurons

these send an axon that branches to muscle fibers

motor end plate

where axon terminals reach muscle fibers

neuromuscular junctions

synapses between neurons and muscles

ACh

the alpha motoneurons releases what from the motor end plates?

nicotinic ACh receptors

what receptors does ACh bind in muscle?

end plate potential

ACh binding to nAChR triggers what?

Na

what ion enters the cell when ACh binds to nAChR?

betz cells

another term for pyramidal neurons

medulla

where do PMC pyramidal neurons cross the midline?

corticospinal tract

the tract motor signals are executed through

M1 neurons

these neurons cause contractions of simple muscle units leading to simple movements

SMA/pre-motor cortex

these brain regions control subsets of PMC neurons, allowing for more coordination and therefore more complex movements

SMA

this brain region plans for movement that is internally generated and rehearsed

premotor

this cortical region directs movement based on external stimulus

partial

damage to motorneurons often allows for what level of recovery?

persistent

damage to the spinal cord allows for what level of recovery?

partial

damage to the PMC allows for what level of recovery?

basal ganglia

this brain region involves initiation and termination of motor action

cerebellum

brain region controlling coordination, precision, and timing, impacted greatly by alcohol

cerebellum

which part of the central nervous system would you expect to be more

active in a very talented piano player compared to a beginner piano player?

excitatory (go/direct)

D1 receptors are what?

inhibitory (stop/indirect)

D2 receptors are what?

same

the D1 and D2 pathways lead to the (opposite/same) effect

activates

dopamine does what to the D1 pathway?

inactivates

dopamine does what to D2 receptors?

chorea

the writhing movement of the limbs and head

huntingtons

this disease is genetic, caused by a single allele

earlier onset

a longer repeating sequence in huntingtons indicates what about one’s prognosis?

parkinsons

this condition results from destruction to the substantia nigra dopamine producing neurons, causes tremors and issues initiating movements

Glu

what does the CC release onto D1/D2 receptors?

dopamine

what does the SNc release onto D1/D2 receptors?

GABA

depending if they are activated or not, what will D1/D2 receptors release or hold on to?

GABA

binding of GABA to the GPi prevents release of what onto the thalamus?

Glu

when GABA is not released onto the thalamus it gets activated and releases what onto the CC, triggering movement?

GABA

the GPe releases what onto the subthalamic nucleus?

Glu

after being inhibited by GABA, the subthalamic nucleus stops sending what to the GPi?

GABA

because it did not recieve any signals, the GPi will not send what to the thalamus?

3

at 18 days how many layers is the embryo?

ectoderm

the top layer of the embryo

NS and skin

what does the ectoderm later form?

neural plate/neurulation

feature in the center of the ectoderm

mesoderm

the middle layer of the embryo

skeleton and msucles

what does the mesoderm later form?

endoderm

the bottom layer of the embryo

internal organs

what does the endoderm later form?

neural groove

uneven rates of cell division in the neural plate causes formation of what?

neural crest cells

these are the progenitors for the PNS

neural tube

the neural groove joins together to form what?

central canal

the fluid filled structure in the center of the neural groove

ventricles and spinal cord canal

what does the central canal eventually form?

cells lining the neural tube

these will be progenitors for the CNS

brain plate

the cranial end of the embryo forks out to form what?

telencephalon

the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and basal ganglia are in this region

diencephalon

the thalamus and hypothalamus are in this region

mesencephalon

the midbrain and substantia nigra are in this region

rhombencephalon

the cerebellum, pons, and medulla are in this region

18

at how many days is the embryo just a 3 layered disc?

20

at how many days does the neural groove form?

22

at how many days does the neural tube form?

22

at how many days does the cranial end fork and form the brain plate?

24

after how many days do brain structures begin to form?

neurogenesis

the production of neurons from non-neuronal cells, also includes gliogenesis

cell migration

the movement of cells to form distinct brain regions

differentiation

the transformation of precursor cells into neurons and glia

neurons and glial cells

what types of cells undergo: neurogenesis, cell migration, and differentiation?

synaptogenesis

establishing synaptic connections

neuronal cell death

selective neuron death

synapse rearrangement

the loss or development of synapses

ventricular zone

another term for cells lining the central canal

precursor cells

these divide symmetrically to expand the ventricular zone

asymmetric

type of cell division in neurogenesis, one daughter cell migrates out while the other stays and divides

where, when the cell was born

what factors influence what brain region a cell ends up in?

radial glial cells

these cells act as guides, connecting the ventricular zone with a specific spot of the marginal zone