CONTEM - Preliminary Examinations

* All content is derived from UST Architecture Course Notes

Giddens, 1990

"Intensification of worldwide social relations which

link distant localities...."

Robertson, 1992

"Refers both to the compression of the world and the

intensification of consciousness of the world as a

whole"

Harvey, 1989

"Compression of time and space"

Sunny Levine Institute

"A process of interaction and integration among the

people, companies, and governments of different

nations..."

Grupo de Lisboa, 1994

"Globalization heralds the end of the state

system as the nucleus of human activities"

Steger, 2005

Who states that globalization has been commonly

understood as a process, a condition, or an ideology.

Process

[GLOBALIZATION AS A PROCESS, CONDITION, or IDEOLOGY?]

It is a set of social processes that

generate and increase "worldwide

social interdependencies and

exchanges while at the same time

fostering in people a growing

awareness of deepening

connections between the local and

the distant.

Process

[GLOBALIZATION AS A PROCESS, CONDITION, or IDEOLOGY?]

It is the "compression of time and

space"

Condition

[GLOBALIZATION AS A PROCESS, CONDITION, or IDEOLOGY?]

Globalization as "globality" which is

a social condition characterized by

trans-planetary connectivity and

supra-territoriality.

• Trans-planetary - establishment of social links between people located at different place of our planet.

• Supra-territorial relations - social connections that transcend territorial geography.

Condition

[GLOBALIZATION AS A PROCESS, CONDITION, or IDEOLOGY?]

In effect, globalization render

political borders and economic

barriers irrelevant (Steger, 2008).

Ideology

[GLOBALIZATION AS A PROCESS, CONDITION, or IDEOLOGY?]

Six core ideological claims:

1. "Globalization is about the triumph of markets over governments."

2. It is inevitable and irreversible.

3. Nobody is in-charge of globalization.

4. Benefits everyone in the long run.

5. Furthers the spread of democracy.

6. Requires a global war on terror.

Internationalization

Activities by entities such as corporations, states, international organizations, private organizations, etc., with reference to national borders and national governments.

No.

Globalization is NOT internationalization as it does not require reference to a state’s national borders.

With the definition of internationalization in mind (international activities with reference to national borders), can globalization be conceived to be the same as internationalization?

Liberalization

The removal of barriers and restrictions of national governments to international trade thus creating an open and borderless world economy.

Yes, but not solely.

To view globalization as liberalization would only focus to the economic aspects of the phenomenon.

Keeping in mind the concept of liberalization, does globalization push for liberalization?

Universalization

A process of spreading various objects, practices, and experiences to the different parts of the planet. This view entails the homogenization of cultures, politics, economy, and laws.

Westernization

The variant of universalization. It happens when Western modernity spreads and destroys local cultures. This is also known as neocolonialism, Americanization, or McDonaldization.

Coordination

What is the problem with the concept of having a global government?

International Organizations

Faced with its coordination problems, what have we done to fill in the gaps left by the absence of a global government?

Organizations that address collective concerns including climate change, trade, peace and security, etc.

What is the simplest idea of what an International Organization is?

The Atlantic Charter

A charter signed in 1941 which shared a view of international peace and security when the WW2 ends.

• Signed by Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt and PM Winston Churchill

• Origin of the UN Charter

The UN Charter

The charter signed on 26 June 1945, and became effective on 24 October 1945. This charter outlawed wars and created Pacific settlements of disputes.

• To ensure collective security in the globe.

• To achieve international cooperation in solving international problems.

• Promote norms such as respect for human rights.

Why was the UN conceived?

The General Assembly

Has universal representation of all the member-states of the UN.

For essential questions:

• Majority vote (50%)

For concerns related to peace and security, budgetary matters, and new membership admissions:

• 2/3 majority (~67%)

How does the General Assembly function is terms of reaching a verdict or decision?

The Security Council

The most potent organ [of the UN Council] with the power to make legally binding decisions/resolutions.

5 permanent members (P5) and 10 rotating members.

How many members are there in the Security Council?

• China

• France

• Russia (formerly the Soviet Union)

• United Kingdom

• United States

Who are among the P5 in the Security Council?

5. All 5 members of the P5 have to be on board. Failure to obtain all 5 results to an automatic veto.

When making legally binding decisions, at least how many “yes” votes would be needed for an approval?

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

The principal organ of the UN Council geared to advance the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development.

Trusteeship Council

The principal organ of the UN Council tasked with providing supervision of Trust Territories that are under the administration of seven member states to ensure that adequate steps are being made to achieve independence. All 11 Trust Territories have already achieved independence.

International Court of Justice

The UN’s principal judicial organ. Its role is to settle legal disputes between states and provide advisory opinion on legal questions.

Civilizations

A “structure” that create empires which define global/international affairs. These have fueled different levels of internationalization and is the initial start of the globalization story based on globalism.

Globalism

The defining core of globalization. Joseph Nye describes it as “networks of connections that span multi-continental distances.”

Globalization is the process of increasing interconnectedness and interdependence, while globalism is an ideology or belief system that supports and often advocates for this process.

What is the difference between globalization and globalism?

Thin Globalism

The initial phase of interconnection but the density of connection is still limited.

• Ex. Silk Road connected the East and West, limited to trade.

• Impact is felt by small groups.

• Not large amount of interaction.

Thick Globalization

The density of the networks of connection is immense.

• There is an increase reliance among nations, communities, and economies.

• Characterizes the level of interconnection in the 21st century.

• Greater socio-economic impact, cultural transfers, and supply chain reliance.

1. Hard Power

2. Soft Power

3. Smart Power

What are Joseph Nye’s [3] types of power?

Hard Power

[JOSEPH NYE’S TYPES OF POWER]

Direct type of power.

• Carrots and sticks approach.

  • Military – brute force (sticks)

  • Economic – sanctions and rewards (carrots)

Soft Power

[JOSEPH NYE’S TYPES OF POWER]

Culture as a means of attraction.

• Hollywood effect

• Films, music, language, etc.

• American films, Japanese Anime, Korean Drama/K-Pop

Smart Power

[JOSEPH NYE’S TYPES OF POWER]

Combination of the the other 2 types of powers which uses culture as a means of attraction and has a direct type of power.

The Westphalian Model

The Modern State is based on the which model which recognizes the sovereignty and existence of nation-states.

It is a principle of international law stating that each nation-state has exclusive sovereignty over its territory, and no external power should interfere in another country's domestic affairs.

It is the cornerstone of the modern International Relations (IR) Order, which consists of independent sovereign states.

What is the Westphalian Model?

Middle Powers

Nations with economic and political means to dominate certain aspect of global trade and politics.

Non-state actors

Entities that exert significant political influence but are not affiliated with any particular country or state, encompassing a wide range of groups like NGOs, corporations, and armed groups.

• Inter-Governmental Organizations (UN, NATO, ASEAN, EU, etc)

• International Non-Governmental Organizations (Red Cross, Amnesty International, etc)

• Multinational Corporations (Coca-cola, Apple, Samsung, McDonalds, etc).

What are examples of non-state actors?

Multinational Corporations

These are firms that operate in different countries across the globe. It invests in other countries.

• Coca-cola, Apple, Samsung, McDonalds, etc.

Economic Globalization

It is a process making the world economy an “organic system” by extending transnational economic processes and economic relations to more and more countries and by deepening the economic interdependencies among them (Szentes, 2003). A contributor to this is multinational corporations.

• Increased flow of capital across borders.

  • Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs)

  • Vulnerability to global shocks. Capital flight.

  • Foreign Portfolio Investments

  • Leads to job creation and growth

  • Local industries may be dwarfed by MNCs.

• Increased trade between countries (free trade or removal of quantitative restrictions).

• Creation of an intricate interdependent supply chain.

What does Economic Globalization implicate in global economics?

Economic Liberalization. They find that the Constitution is too restrictive, nationalistic, protectionist, and “is not ready for a globalized world.”

What is the main argument for the 1987 Constitution charter change?

They view charter change whether for economic or political reasons as a blatant attempt of the political and economic elite to advance their own interests.

What is the main argument against the 1987 Constitution charter change?

International Trade

• One of the two most important economic relationships among countries.

• Can lead to market expansion which is originally limited to your domestic market.

1. Quotas (Quantitative Restriction)

2. Tariffs

What are the two restrictions to trade imposed by states?

Bretton Woods System

An adjustable peg system, with every country fixing their currencies to an anchor currency (the US dollar) and the value of the anchor currency was fixed to gold ($35 per ounce), creating a stable exchange rate system for other currencies.

It is also called the “gold exchange standard” system.

The World Bank

[ORGANIZATIONS UNDER THE BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM]

• Created to grant long-term loans for the economic development of less developed countries and the reconstruction of war-torn countries in Europe.

• Its renewed role in the modern economy is to reduce extreme poverty while addressing the imperfection of global capital markets.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF)

[ORGANIZATIONS UNDER THE BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM]

Promotes global monetary cooperation and international financial stability.

In exchange of a loan, countries need to adjust their economic policies to ensure “that they adopt strong and effective policies..

What is the IMF Conditionality?

The General Agreement on Tariff & Trade (GATT)

[ORGANIZATIONS UNDER THE BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM]

• Its purpose is to avoid trade wars brought by protectionist policies.

• Eventually superseded by a more formal organization known as the World Trade Organization (WTO).

The World Trade Organization (WTO)

[ORGANIZATIONS UNDER THE BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM]

• Facilitated the transition of the world from a unilateral to a multilateral trade order.

• Detailed rules are not only limited to goods but also intellectual property, investment, and services.

1. Gold Standard (fixed exchange rate)

2. Dollar-Gold Standard (mixed)

3. Floating Exchange Rate

[INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEMS]

What are the three International Monetary Systems?

Gold Standard

[INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEMS]

Unlimited convertibility of currencies into gold and high stability facilitated by trade among countries that eliminated forex fluctuations and risks.

Dollar-Gold Standard

[INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEMS]

The US dollar is the only currency convertible to gold; while other countries are fixed/pegged to the value of the dollar.

Floating Exchange Rate

[INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEMS]

Depends on the supply and demand in the market of currencies.

Keynes (Keynesianism)

Who/which ideology argued that in order to overcome the crisis of the Great Depression, governments must stimulate demand. (Demand-side economics).

Neoliberalism

Which ideology believes in small governments. Unregulated market, with little to no state intervention. It involves policies of privatization, deregulation, lesser public spending, reduced corporate taxes (supply-side economics)

The Washington Consensus

Refers to the IMF-WB-US Treasury set of ten economic policy prescriptions.

• This pertains to the imaginary division of the globe into two halves with reference to the growth and development levels or economic inequities in the world.

• A classic division between the rich and the poor. The North pertains to economically rich countries, while the South pertains to poor and least developed countries.

What is the idea of a Global North and Global South?

The Brendt Line (1983)

What line divides the Global (Rich) North and Global (Poor) South?

The flip of the powers of the Asian and Western economies.

• In 1820, Asian powers accounted for 60.7% of the world’s GDP; while the West is only at 34.2%.

• By 1913, it reversed. The West at 68.3% and Asia at 24.5%. (Lawson, 2020)

What is the concept of The Great Flip?

• The Great Divergence

• Industrial Revolution

• Colonial Exploitation

What prompted The Great Flip?

More Economically Developed Country.

• These are countries that generate large GDPs with an inversely proportionate population to divide it amongst.

• They are characterized as countries that have quality education, universal or accessible health care, and quality social services.

The Global North is known as an MEDC. What does MEDC mean?

First World

[FIRST WORLD, SECOND WORLD, or THIRD WORLD?]

• The developed.

• Countries in the west.

• Modernized.

• Capitalism

Second World

[FIRST WORLD, SECOND WORLD, or THIRD WORLD?]

• Soviet/Communist Bloc (Cold War)

• Adopts socialist or communist policies.

Third World

[FIRST WORLD, SECOND WORLD, or THIRD WORLD?]

• Non-aligned states in the Cold War

• Underdeveloped, unstable.

• Long path towards modernity or first world-status.

Less Economically Developed Countries

• Unstable government

• Poor / weak economy

• Poor standard of living and quality of life

The Global South is known as an LEDC. What does LEDC mean?

• The number one reason in Colonization, which stagnated the growth of these countries.

• Weak State Capacities and Institutions, once again as a result of their colonial past.

Why are LEDCs poor?

Brazil, Russia, India, China, & South Africa. These countries form a grouping of the largest economies of the Global South. They have the potential to achieve high-income status in the future, and perhaps, even surpass the G7.

• G7 (Group of 7) includes: the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan

What is BRICS?

Regionalism

It is the ‘coming together’ of states by forming an organization that seeks to express a common sense of cultural identity and purpose combined with the creation and implementation of institutions that express a particular identity and shape collective action within a geographical region.

Economic Integration

Refers to the process of deepening economic ties between countries by way of free trade, single or common market, customs unions, economic unions.

In International Relations, there is an incentive for states (especially small and middle powers) to band together. In forming a regional bloc, they increase their leverage in bargaining for better economic arrangements with other countries in the world.

Why is there an impetus for states to form regional organizations?

The 1997/8 Asian Financial Crisis

Which crisis slowed down growth in some countries, but it marked the beginning of renewed acceleration?

• Generate productivity gains, new ideas, and competition

• Contribute to the efficiency and stability of global financial markets

• Diversify sources of global demand

• Provide leadership

• Create regional mechanisms

What are the potential results of Asian Integration?

1. Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)

2. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

3. East Asia Summit

4. ASEAN Plus Three

5. Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)

What are some examples of Asian Regional Organizations?

Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)

[ASIAN REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS]

• Regional grouping of Southeast Asian countries.

• Established on 08 August 1967, in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration.

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

[ASIAN REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS]

• Formed in 1989 to leverage on the growing interdependence in the Asia Pacific.

East Asian Summit

[ASIAN REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS]

• ASEAN + Japan, China, SoKor, Australia, Russia, India, USA, and New Zealand.

ASEAN Plus Three

[ASIAN REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS]

• ASEAN countries + Japan, China, and South Korea.

• It began in December 1997 and was institutionalized in 1999 in Manila.

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)

[ASIAN REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS]

• A free trade agreement (FTA) between the ASEAN (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam) and its five FTA partners (Australia, China, Japan, New Zealand, and the Republic of Korea).