Praxis 5025: Early Childhood Education

Mr. Roberts has a prekindergarten class of students who have just turned four. He wants to make sure his students have ample opportunity for writing practice to prepare for next year, but he also wants to ensure his strategies are developmentally appropriate. Which of the following strategies should he choose?

A. giving students a letter-writing practice workbook and insisting that ten pages must be completed each day

B. conducting guided read-alouds where he asks students probing questions about stories he reads to them

C. encouraging students to use writing in their daily center time, such as using a notepad to take an order when pretending to be a waiter during dramatic play

D. insisting that students spend more time at the art center than any other center during free-choice center time

C. encouraging students to use writing in their daily center time, such as using a notepad to take an order when pretending to be a waiter during dramatic play

Which of the following words has the onset italicized?

A. pl-ATE

B. BR-oom

C. in-TER-est

D. fair-Y

C. BR-oom

A prekindergarten teacher is planning a unit of instruction on letter sounds. Which of the following describes the order in which the letter sounds should be introduced to students?

A. introduce the most challenging sounds first

B. introduce the sounds that make up the child's name first

C. introduce the sounds that have the greatest frequency first

D. introduce one sound per month until they are all mastered

C. introduce the sounds that have the greatest frequency first

Mr. Scott writes the following words on the board: blimp, roar, and grin. He asks his class to make a new word out of each word by removing a part of the existing word. Which of the following concepts is the teacher trying to develop in his students?

A. the alphabetic principle

B. phoneme deletion

C. phoneme substitution

D. phoneme segmentation

B. phoneme deletion

Which of the following is a non-decodable word?

A. bread

B. fly

C. what

D. plan

C. what

A second-grade teacher notices that one of her students has lost interest in reading or speaking in her home language. To encourage her, she asks for the student's "help" to read a short blurb in a newspaper in the student's home language. Why is the teacher most likely doing this?

A. She wants to assess the student's oral fluency in her home language.

B. She wants to encourage the student to read more informational texts.

C. She wants to encourage the student to maintain her biliteracy.

D. She wants the student to practice prosody and rate in her home language.

C. She wants to encourage the student to maintain her biliteracy.

Which of the following concepts should be taught alongside phonics to ensure that students will be able to read quickly and fluently?

A. print awareness

B. sight word recognition

C. stroke order

D. spelling

B. sight word recognition

Jenine is a second-grade student targeted for extra reading practice. One day, the teacher listens to her read a paragraph out loud and notices that Jenine is reading very slowly. Which of the following parts of fluency does Jenine need help with?

A. rate

B. prosody

C. accuracy

D. phonemes

A. rate

Mrs. Perez is teaching her first-grade class about meter in poetry. Which of the following activities would be most appropriate to help her students understand this concept?

A. independently label each line of the poem with an A, B, C, or so on to indicate the rhyming pattern

B. read in a different voice for each character in the poem

C. copy each line of the poem multiple times until they pick up its meter

D. clap to the beat of a poem that she reads aloud

D. clap to the beat of a poem that she reads aloud

Mr. Harrison wants his third-grade class to practice writing a problem-solution piece in the second person. Which of the following assignments would best meet his goal?

A. a drama that groups of students write collaboratively

B. a letter that each student writes to the principal proposing a solution to a school-wide problem

C. a letter that each student writes to his or her parents thanking them for being good parents

D. an essay that explains and solves an environmental problem

B. a letter that each student writes to the principal proposing a solution to a school-wide problem

Mark, a third grader, is having difficulty identifying the main idea of texts he reads. Mrs. Martinez wants to give him extra practice with this skill when he completes his weekly oral reading assessment. Which of the following is the best way for Mrs. Martinez to incorporate the identification of the main idea into Mark's weekly oral fluency assessment?

A. stopping him after he reads each paragraph and asking, "What was that paragraph about?"

B. assigning him longer passages to read so that he can practice with more advanced texts

C. having Mark read only nonfiction texts since the main idea is easier to identify

D. giving Mark passages with varying themes so that he has more exposure to different genres

A. stopping him after he reads each paragraph and asking, "What was that paragraph about?"

Which of the following activities would be appropriate when introducing the idea of a summary to a first-grade class?

A. having students write a summary for each paragraph in their social studies textbook

B. asking the class to brainstorm several phrases and ideas that describe the story overall

C. identifying the point of view of each story they have read and keeping this information in a journal or notebook

D. asking the students several questions orally about each character's motivation

B. asking the class to brainstorm several phrases and ideas that describe the story overall

Howard is a first-grade student in Mrs. Hong's class. Howard is significantly behind many of the other students in his literacy skills, and he never wants to take a book from the library when the class visits. As a result he has trouble completing his weekly reading log. During a conference with Howard's parents, Mrs. Hong learns that he enjoys graphic novels or what they call "comic books." Which of the following might Mrs. Hong suggest to Howard and his parents?

A. that they throw out these graphic novels as they have no educational value

B. that they stop encouraging Howard to read these graphic novels and start encouraging him to read only grade-level books without pictures

C. that he write his own dialogue for these graphic novels

D. that he use these graphic novels to complete some of his reading log, balancing it with other more word-rich texts

D. that he use these graphic novels to complete some of his reading log, balancing it with other more word-rich texts

Which of the following is the first oral presentation many students give during their school career?

A. the first oral report a teacher assigns

B. the first time a teacher asks a new student to get up and introduce herself

C. their first experience with show and tell

D. a monologue they read

C. their first experience with show and tell

A second-grade class has just finished reading a short story. The teacher wants his students to compare the short story to a different interpretation of the same story. Which of the following activities would best meet his goal?

A. reading the story again but in a different accent

B. taking students to see a stage play based on the story

C. having students read critical interpretations of the story

D. having students compare the story to a passage in their science textbook

B. taking students to see a stage play based on the story

Which of the following describes quantitative text measurements?

A. the frequency with which certain words are used

B. the overall structure of the text and how it is organized

C. the layout of the text, including graphics, font, spacing, and so on

D. any quantifiable criteria for which a number can be calculated

D. any quantifiable criteria for which a number can be calculated

Which of the following two calculations yield a Lexile score for a text?

A. word frequency and sentence length

B. knowledge demand and text structure

C. levels of meaning and vocabulary

D. word frequency and knowledge demand

A. word frequency and sentence length

Mrs. Harris has a class of three-year-old preschool students. She gives them the following direction: "Create a drawing about how you are feeling today." Which of the following types of writing knowledge is she developing in her students?

A. procedural knowledge

B. conceptual knowledge

C. the alphabetic principle

D. phonemic awareness

B. conceptual knowledge

Which of the following spelling words shows proficiency with a CVC pattern?

A. dark

B. foxes

C. biggest

D. big

D. big

Mrs. Jett notices that her third-grade student Jo often leaves out the articles a, an, and the from her writing. A conference with Jo's parents recently revealed that this could be because her native language does not use articles. Which of the following revision strategies might be helpful for Jo?

A. reading her work aloud

B. pairing her with another English language learner for peer review

C. having her memorize a list of prepositions

D. pairing her with a native English speaking partner for peer review

D. pairing her with a native English speaking partner for peer review

How might a teacher publish the pictures and emergent writing created by her preschool students in such a way that shows growth over the course of the year?

A. posting it on the classroom bulletin board

B. keeping it in a portfolio that is shared with parents

C. having students go back and revise their letter strings

D. videotaping student performances at the dramatic play center

B. keeping it in a portfolio that is shared with parents

A teacher has a first-grade class full of students of varying literacy skills and levels of English proficiency. She wants to make use of a new digital storytelling software program purchased by the school, but she has concerns that not all of her students will find it easy to type words and use illustrations in their stories. How can she differentiate instruction so that all of her students can participate in this activity?

A. encourage students to add words to their stories as they see fit but do not make this a requirement

B. give students the first two words of each sentence she expects them to write

C. let some students create a fiction story and have others create a nonfiction story

D. have some students use the software and have others write and draw their stories on paper

A. encourage students to add words to their stories as they see fit but do not make this a requirement

Mrs. Spellman has asked that her third-grade class begin to focus their research topics into three questions to explore. Aisha, who has selected dance as her topic, is having a hard time coming up with three questions. Which of the following is the best way for Mrs. Spellman to help Aisha develop three questions to research?

A. ask Aisha when she started dancing and why she likes it so much

B. direct Aisha to change her topic if she cannot find three questions

C. have Aisha list what types of dance she might want to know more about

D. instruct Aisha to create a word web of the terms she associates with dance

C. have Aisha list what types of dance she might want to know more about

Mrs. Ramirez has a classroom routine of conducting a read-aloud with her kindergarten class each morning and then asking her students questions to gauge their level of comprehension, engagement, and interest in the story. Which of the following types of questions should Mrs. Ramirez primarily ask her students?

A. rhetorical questions

B. open-ended questions

C. closed-ended questions

D. passive-listening questions

B. open-ended questions

A complex sentence must contain which of the following?

A. comma

B. coordinating conjunction

C. determiner

D. subordinate conjunction

D. subordinate conjunction

A second-grade teacher in upstate New York is reading a short story designed for children that is set in mid-nineteenth-century Georgia. Which of the following should be discussed with students to help them better understand the story?

A. the way the short story switches between different registers

B. the content-specific words students may be unfamiliar with

C. the dialogue from characters who speak in a different dialect

D. the reasons people in the nineteenth century did not speak properly

C. the dialogue from characters who speak in a different dialect

Mrs. Gonzalez teaches toddlers in the classroom next to Mrs. Fox. Mrs. Fox can frequently hear Mrs. Gonzalez narrating her own actions: for example, "Now I am washing my hands before I prepare snack" and "I must put on my coat before I go outside." Which of the following explains why Mrs. Gonzalez is likely doing this?

A. She is exposing her students to oral language and new vocabulary.

B. She wants to serve as a good role model for her students.

C. She is helping her students see the moral in all that they do.

D. Her students only listen when she speaks at a very high volume.

A. She is exposing her students to oral language and new vocabulary.

The first week of school, a kindergarten student named Mary has very few basic skills. She cannot hold a pencil, does not understand directions, and seems to have had no previous schooling. She does not seem able to use many of the learning materials in the classroom, including the books in the literacy center. Mary's instruction should start with which of the following concepts?

A. phonological awareness

B. the alphabetic principle

C. decoding

D. print awareness

D. print awareness

Mohamed, a second grader, is completing his weekly oral reading with his teacher when she realizes that although he is reading very quickly, he is skipping over or incorrectly reading many of the words. She decides to model oral reading for him and then have him try the passage again. How might she model the passage for Mohamed?

A. at a faster rate than he was reading

B. with great expression to encourage him to read with more prosody

C. at a slower rate than he was reading

D. in a rhythmical pattern so that he can appreciate the meter of the piece

C. at a slower rate than he was reading

Which of the following words contains a digraph?

A. sap

B. cat

C. hay

D. go

C. hay

Which of the following is an example of pretend reading?

A. a student decoding a simple sentence with simple CVC words

B. a student reading a picture book by telling the story based on the picture cues

C. a student reading a passage orally with limited expression

D. a student checking out a book from the library but never looking at it

B. a student reading a picture book by telling the story based on the picture cues

Which of the following is an activity that will help students develop their procedural knowledge of writing?

A. handwriting practice

B. drawing or scribbling to communicate an idea

C. writing a letter to a friend to tell about a vacation experience

D. reading a story aloud

A. handwriting practice

Which of the following is an example of expository writing?

A. a poem about a family of birds

B. a short story set in the nineteenth century

C. a brochure on a language and literacy conference

D. a teen fantasy novel

C. a brochure on a language and literacy conference

A teacher is working on a unit on forming the past tense of verbs with his second-grade class. Which of the following would be the most appropriate writing assignment to ensure sufficient practice with this skill?

A. writing a paragraph that compares and contrasts cars and trucks

B. writing a paragraph about what they did over the winter break

C. writing a description of their living room

D. writing a persuasive paragraph about their favorite color

B. writing a paragraph about what they did over the winter break

Which of the following is the subordinate conjunction in the sentence below?I lined the drawer carefully with paper before I placed the valuable book inside.

A. carefully

B. with

C. before

D. inside

C. before

Which of the following types of texts would most likely use figurative language?

A. a compare and contrast expository essay

B. a problem-solution article about smog

C. a chapter in a history textbook about Che Guevara

D. a long narrative poem about a famous Greek hero

D. a long narrative poem about a famous Greek hero

A kindergarten teacher puts five blocks on the table and asks the students how many blocks there are. She then gives one block each to five students and asks the class how many blocks there are now. Which mathematical concept is the teacher demonstrating?

A. cardinality

B. subitizing

C. decomposing

D. number conservation

D. number conservation

A first-grade teacher wants to set up a math center to help his students meet the objective of subitizing quantities up to ten. Which learning material would be the best for him to include in this center?

A. an abacus

B. multiplication tiles

C. dot pattern flash cards

D. addition fact flash cards

C. dot pattern flash cards

A prekindergarten student is given a pile of small objects and asked to complete the following task: "Make two piles of objects that are the same." The student is then asked: "Why did you put these objects together in one pile and those objects together in another pile?" What concept is the student being asked to demonstrate?

A. one-to-one correspondence

B. cardinality

C. patterning

D. classifying and sorting

D. classifying and sorting

A first-grade teacher asks his students to write the answer for 4 + 0. Many of his students respond by writing 0. The teacher then decides he must do some reteaching. Which concept should he reteach?

A. the additive identity

B. the associative property

C. the commutative property

D. number composition

A. the additive identity

A kindergarten teacher is helping her students build fine motor skills as well as increased understanding of two-dimensional shapes. She gives students a worksheet with dots at six vertices and directs students to connect these dots. What shape have the students made?

A. parallelogram

B. hexagon

C. rectangle

D. trapezoid

B. hexagon

Mrs. Hawkins's second-grade class is working on a project to determine how many students have pets at home versus those who do not. What would be the best way for her class to represent the data?

A. percentage

B. ratio

C. fraction

D. stem-and-leaf plot

B. ratio

Miss Wyatt's second-grade class is completing word problems that ask for students to "round the answer to the nearest tens place." She notices that most students have the correct answer until they get to the final step of rounding and sees that they are rounding the number to the nearest ones or hundreds place. Which underlying concept does Miss Wyatt need to reteach?

A. place value

B. addition and subtraction

C. whole numbers

D. composing numbers

A. place value

A teacher draws an array on the board and asks students to think of examples of arrays from their own lives. Which of the following student responses does NOT show a correct understanding of arrays?

A. students in a marching band

B. cookies on a baking tray

C. seats in a concert

D. children playing in a park

D. children playing in a park

A preschool teacher is planning activities to introduce her students to sorting. Which of the following objects would NOT be appropriate for her to use?

A. colored buttons

B. tennis balls

C. clothes from the dryer

D. a deck of regular playing cards

B. tennis balls

A fifth-grade class is learning about measurements by following a recipe to make modeling clay. If the recipe calls for 2 1/4 cups of flour, which of the following measurement tools can students use to measure the flour?

A. 1/4 cup

B. 1/3 cup

C. 1/2 cup

D. 1 cup

A. 1/4 cup

A lesson plan specifies that students will practice the concept of one-to-one correspondence. Which of the following activities should be incorporated into the lesson?

A. count objects laying randomly in a box

B. count fish swimming in a pond

C. count birds flying in the sky

D. count objects ordered in a line

D. count objects ordered in a line

Which of the following activities offers students practice with subitizing?

A. skip counting by twos, threes, and fives

B. identifying a variety of geometric patterns

C. working a set of thirty basic addition problems

D. identifying the number of dots on a die without counting

D. identifying the number of dots on a die without counting

Mr. Jameson asked the following question: What is the value of the digit 9 In the number 398,563? Which of the following students answered the question correctly?

A. Andrew: 9,000

B. Sidney: 90,000

C. Elia: 90

D. Sun: 9

B. Sidney: 90,000

Mr. Costas asked his students to decompose the number 27,358. Which of the following students decomposed the number properly?

A. Carly: 20,000 + 73 + 58

B. Jamey: 2,000 + 700 + 30 + 58

C. Taylor: 2 + 7 + 3 + 5 + 8

D. Andre: 20,000 + 7,000 + 300 + 50 + 8

D. Andre: 20,000 + 7,000 + 300 + 50 + 8

Which of the following steps is necessary for students to learn in a lesson on adding fractions?

A. make the numerators of both fractions the same

B. make both fractions equivalent

C. make the denominators of both fractions the same

D. make each fraction a unit fraction

C. make the denominators of both fractions the same

Mrs. Rodriguez asks her students to draw a line of symmetry through a circle. How many correct answers are possible?

A. zero

B. one

C. two

D. more than two

D. more than two

Which of the following activities is most appropriate for teaching students about measuring with nonstandard units?

A. using paper clips to measure the length across a desk

B. using paper clips to measure the length across a room

C. using paper clips to measure the distance between two houses

D. using paper clips to measure the height of a person

A. using paper clips to measure the length across a desk

After exploring the properties of cubes, Ms. Goldstein asks her students to suggest a method for finding the surface area. Which of the following answers demonstrates an understanding of both the properties of cubes and the concept of surface area?

A. multiply the length by the height of one of its faces

B. find the area of one face and multiply by 6, since a cube has six square faces

C. measure the amount of space occupied inside it

D. find the area of the faces that are visible when the cube is resting on a table

B. find the area of one face and multiply by 6, since a cube has six square faces

Mr. Rios wants his students to think critically about mean, median, mode, and range, so he presents them with the following problem:Kelly took three quizzes. She scored 80 on quiz 1, 90 on quiz 2, and 82 on quiz 3. Her final midterm grade was 84.If they understand the definitions of each term correctly, Mr. Rios's students should be able to determine that Kelly's midterm score is based on which of the following?

A. mode

B. median

C. range

D. average

D. average

A two-year-old toddler helps his mother make two piles of clothes based on whether they are shirts or pants. Which of the following math skills is the toddler learning?

A. sorting

B. pattern matching

C. counting

D. one-to-one correspondence

A. sorting

Maria is a kindergarten student going through math learning center rotations. At the teacher-led table, her teacher asks her to show the equation 2 + 2 with blocks and to count aloud as she adds. Other than addition, what concept is Maria practicing and demonstrating for her teacher?

A. composing numbers

B. one-to-one correspondence

C. number conservation

D. subitizing

B. one-to-one correspondence

Mrs. Adams asks her third-grade class to write an equation to match the following problem: Alex went to the store to buy hamburger buns for a cookout. He needed thirty-six hot dog buns. Each package contained twelve buns. How many packages does he need to buy? Which equation is correct?

A. 12 x 3 =

B. 12/36 =

C. 36 divided by 12 =

D. 12 divided by 36 =

C. 36 divided by 12 =

Mrs. Cabrera gives her second-grade class a test on two-digit addition with regrouping. She notices that of the twenty-five students in the class, twenty students received a score of 100%. What can be said about the 100% score?

A. It is the average.

B. It is the range.

C. It is the mode.

D. It is the mean.

C. It is the mode.

A third-grade math teacher gives each group of students several shapes with various attributes. He asks students to create three groups of shapes based on shared attributes. In addition to classifying shapes, what other skill are students demonstrating?

A. sorting

B. cardinality

C. patterning

D. sequencing

A. sorting

A kindergarten student is working at a math center where he must write the number 6 and then glue six objects onto the page. What skill is he demonstrating?

A. subitizing

B. use of manipulatives

C. cardinality

D. patterning

C. cardinality

A first-grade teacher wants to help her students develop strategies to solve subtraction word problems using visual representations. Which strategy would be most appropriate?

A. decomposing numbers

B. using a number line

C. drawing an array

D. using fact families

B. using a number line

What step must first be taken to solve the following problem?<, >, or =

A. The second fraction should be written as the reciprocal.

B. Both fractions should be compared to a unit fraction.

C. A common numerator must be calculated.

D. A common denominator must be calculated.

D. A common denominator must be calculated.

Which term describes a whole number and a fractional part?

A. improper fraction

B. equivalent fraction

C. benchmark fraction

D. mixed number

D. mixed number

Ms. Briggs, a kindergarten teacher, notices that Mark's favorite center during free choice time is the cooking/home play center. One afternoon, Susie begins to make fun of Mark for playing with "girl toys." How might Ms. Briggs handle this situation?

A. providing swift and immediate punitive consequences to Susie by removing her from the classroom

B. explaining to Susie that there are no "girl toys" or "boy toys," only "toys," and that all students are welcome to play with any of the classroom toys

C. talking with Susie about how modern women must challenge traditional gender role stereotypes such as gendered toys and a woman's role as cook for the household

D. encouraging Mark to play with some of the more gender-neutral toys

B. explaining to Susie that there are no "girl toys" or "boy toys," only "toys," and that all students are welcome to play with any of the classroom toys

Ms. Chen has a class of three- and four-year-old prekindergarten students. She ensures that each student throws his or her plastic lunch plate and cup away after lunch is over. What is Ms. Chen teaching her class?

A. global citizenship

B. self-regulation

C. conflict resolution

D. the norms of social behavior

D. the norms of social behavior

Ms. Rochester is taking her first-grade class on a field trip to the art museum. Before the trip, she goes over basic etiquette such as not touching the paintings and listening when the tour guide speaks. Why is Ms. Rochester doing this?

A. to make sure the students remember everything they see and hear at the museum

B. to help her students exhibit the norms of social behavior in this unfamiliar setting

C. to help her students develop the skills they will need to work in the arts

D. to get students to understand that behavioral norms vary from culture to culture

B. to help her students exhibit the norms of social behavior in this unfamiliar setting

A teacher wants to incorporate music in different international styles into her preschool classroom. She wants to integrate this social studies curricular element into her existing gross motor skills activities. Which choice would best accomplish this goal?

A. playing German techno music leading up to and preparing students for nap/quiet time

B. playing traditional Indian music during outdoor time and guiding students to movements to "get their wiggles out"

C. having the music teacher bring in various instruments from around the world and show these to students

D. having multiple CDs representing music across many cultures and asking students to pick a CD to play each day during learning center rotations

B. playing traditional Indian music during outdoor time and guiding students to movements to "get their wiggles out"

A third-grade teacher wants to assign her students a project to teach the class about how they are interdependent upon other countries for many goods. Which project would be most appropriate?

A. having students compile a list of all their parents' employers and organize the data into a table

B. asking students to interview the school principal about the role of diversity in the school faculty

C. encouraging students to begin making their own clothing and growing their own food

D. having students look for "Made in___" labels on various items of their clothing and on items in the school/classroom

D. having students look for "Made in___" labels on various items of their clothing and on items in the school/classroom

A kindergarten teacher has set up a fun activity in which the class hides an object in the classroom, and a student is challenged to find it. The class gives the "seeking" student directions such as "left," "right," "forward," "backward," "above," and so on. What skills is the teacher helping the students develop?

A. reading and using a compass rose

B. understanding chronological order

C. reading and using a map

D. using directional terms

D. using directional terms

Ms. Attah wants to integrate some math skills into a third-grade social studies lesson on charts. Which question will best accomplish this goal?

A. What is the difference between the populations of the two cities with the highest and lowest population?

B. Why are the columns and rows on each part of the chart labeled in a different color?

C. After calculating the mean population of all the cities on the chart, is this country at risk of overpopulation?

D. What information (columns or rows) could be added to the chart to give additional information about each city?

A. What is the difference between the populations of the two cities with the highest and lowest population?

Mr. Boyd is leading a discussion on the difference between the small rural community in which his school is located and the closest urban area, Omaha. He wants his first-grade students to understand that there are differences between these two types of communities. Which activity would be most appropriate?

A. asking students to independently list all the resources not available in their town that they must get from the city

B. showing students pictures of silos, farm land, large office buildings, and rush-hour traffic and asking them to identify if they are associated more with urban or rural areas

C. preparing and showing a multimedia presentation that compares and contrasts the major industries, imports, and exports of the town with those of Omaha

D. having students write a compare-and-contrast essay about the differences between their town and Omaha, paying particular attention to the things they like about each place

B. showing students pictures of silos, farm land, large office buildings, and rush-hour traffic and asking them to identify if they are associated more with urban or rural areas

A second-grade teacher in a public school wants to promote tolerance for different religions. What activity best meets this goal?

A. pointing out all the different religious backgrounds of students in the class

B. organizing a food drive to help a local Christian church

C. reading an age-appropriate book about different religions to the class

D. having students research a religion they might be interested in joining

C. reading an age-appropriate book about different religions to the class

Who are the most frequent agents of a child's primary socialization?

A. teachers

B. religious leaders

C. media

D. parents

D. parents

Mrs. Reyes asks her kindergarten class the following question: "What words would you use to describe the idea of love?" Why is this NOT an age-appropriate question?

A. Kindergarten students are not capable of emotions.

B. Kindergartners cannot recognize their own emotions.

C. Kindergartners have not yet mastered abstract thinking.

D. Kindergartners are not able to describe things orally.

C. Kindergartners have not yet mastered abstract thinking.

Which choice describes a tropical climate?

A. cold and dry year-round

B. cold winters and mild summers

C. hot and wet year-round

D. cold year-round

C. hot and wet year-round

A first-grade teacher wants to empower his class in decision-making. What classroom decision would be most appropriate for him to allow students to determine through discussion and compromise?

A. how much time to spend on math each day or whether to do math only three days of the week

B. how conduct grades should be determined and communicated to parents

C. how to make sure that all art supplies are put away each day after art

D. how to best administer and grade spelling tests

C. how to make sure that all art supplies are put away each day after art

A prekindergarten teacher observes one of her students screaming at another student after an argument over a special marker. The teacher, Mr. Maloof, takes the screaming student aside and asks her the following question: "How are you feeling right now?" Why might Mr. Maloof have asked this question?

A. There is no good reason, since the child's feelings are obvious based on her screaming.

B. Mr. Maloof wants to validate the appropriateness of the child's behavior.

C. The question would help the child recognize her emotions.

D. By asking this question, Mr. Maloof is providing an appropriate consequence.

C. The question would help the child recognize her emotions.

Mr. Fox, a third-grade public school teacher, wants to give his students an example of how they are both unified and diverse. Which example is most appropriate?

A. They all have diverse backgrounds, but they are unified in their identity as members of Mr. Fox's class.

B. They are of different races and ethnicities but share a common set of religious beliefs.

C. They are all either boys or girls, but all are US citizens.

D. They have some needs that are different, such as needing glasses or not, and some needs that are the same, such as needing extra help in math.

A. They all have diverse backgrounds, but they are unified in their identity as members of Mr. Fox's class.

Ms. Howe teaches third graders in Michigan. She wants to help her students understand the way in which bodies of water impact the state. She wants to prepare a short presentation to show students pictures to this effect. Which images would she most likely include?

A. pictures of barges carrying goods between the United States and Canada across Lake Huron

B. infographics showing the key industries of the Great Lakes region

C. pictures of Detroit autoworkers at a union meeting

D. maps that show the many small rivers and streams located throughout the state

A. pictures of barges carrying goods between the United States and Canada across Lake Huron

Which of the following is an example of a constructivist approach to student discipline?

A. a system of rewards

B. natural consequences for actions

C. a clear set of school-wide punishments

D. ignoring most negative behaviors

B. natural consequences for actions

Which of the following life-cycle topics is the most developmentally appropriate for prekindergarten students?

A. the life cycle of a pumpkin

B. the life cycle of the stars

C. the evolution of reproduction and heredity

D. the metamorphosis of a butterfly

A. the life cycle of a pumpkin

Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?

A. butter melting

B. baking cookies

C. a pencil breaking

D. ice melting

B. baking cookies

Which of the following science topics is developmentally appropriate for preschool students?

A. density

B. DNA

C. plants and animals

D. magnets

C. plants and animals

Which of the following is an example of an object gaining potential energy?

A. a rubber band being stretched

B. a bike going down the hill

C. water falling over a waterfall

D. an arrow being released from a bow

A. a rubber band being stretched

Which of the following activities will be most effective in introducing first graders to the concept of the water cycle?

A. teaching the students a song with motions about the water cycle

B. showing students a movie that explains the water cycle

C. asking students to copy the drawing of the water cycle that the teacher made

D. having the students write down the key vocabulary and definitions

A. teaching the students a song with motions about the water cycle

As a quick assessment of lesson vocabulary, a teacher writes the following definition on the board:can change shape and sizeThe teacher then asks students to write on their whiteboard the vocabulary word related to the definition. Which of the following students is most correct?

A. Cassandra, who wrote liquid

B. Sonia, who wrote solid

C. Sebastian, who wrote gases

D. Franklin, who wrote solids and gases

C. Sebastian, who wrote gases

Which of the following is a characteristic of the moon?

A. The moon's gravity holds all the planets in place.

B. The moon is the center of the solar system.

C. The moon's light takes eight minutes to reach the earth.

D. The moon takes twenty-seven days to orbit Earth

D. The moon takes twenty-seven days to orbit Earth

A second-grade teacher is teaching her students about habitats. Which of the following is the most appropriate assessment for these students?

A. The students work collaboratively to build a habitat and then present it to the class.

B. The students write an essay about each type of habitat.

C. The students complete a cut and paste sort by putting the animal into the right habitat.

D. The students are each assigned an animal and a group; then they write about the animal.

A. The students work collaboratively to build a habitat and then present it to the class.

Mr. Light has just finished teaching his first-grade students about the human body. Which would be the best way to assess the students' learning?

A. Mr. Light gives the students an oral multiple-choice assessment. He reads the questions and the students choose their answer.

B. Mr. Light puts students in groups and gives them a big cutout of the human body. The students draw and label the parts of the body.

C. Mr. Light gives the students a diagram that has blanks for the students to label. There is also a word bank to help students choose and spell the word.

D. Mr. Light reviews the human body. After his review, he hands the students a sticky note. The students must write down something they have learned about the human body.

C. Mr. Light gives the students a diagram that has blanks for the students to label. There is also a word bank to help students choose and spell the word.

Mrs. Collins planned an activity for her prekindergarten students about polar bears. The students were given a plastic bag that was filled with vegetable shortening. They put their hand inside the bag to cover it with the fat coating and then placed the covered hand inside a bucket filled with ice. Which of the following understandings is the teacher trying to develop in students through this activity?

A. Animals must quickly adapt to their surroundings.

B. Structural adaptations help animals survive in extreme habitats.

C. Structural adaptions are more important than behavioral adaptions in extreme habitats.

D. All animals must have several layers of blubber to stay warm.

B. Structural adaptations help animals survive in extreme habitats.

As a quick assessment of lesson vocabulary, a third-grade teacher writes the following definition on the board:a major organ system that breaks down foods into nutrientsThe teacher then asks students to write on their whiteboard the vocabulary word related to the definition. Which of the following students is most correct?

A. LaToya, who wrote digestive

B. Ronnie, who wrote stomach

C. Gail, who wrote esophagus

D. Mark, who wrote respiratory

A. LaToya, who wrote digestive

A kindergarten teacher sets up a science center with an activity that asks students to sort objects into magnetic and nonmagnetic piles. Which of the following is the teacher trying to develop in students through the science center?

A. vocabulary

B. exploration

C. observation

D. classification

D. classification

Which of the following is a characteristic of a gas?

A. The particles do not flow easily and cannot move past one another.

B. The particles are packed so tightly together that they never move

C. The particles are very far apart and constantly bouncing off one another.

D. The particles are close together, but not packed tightly.

C. The particles are very far apart and constantly bouncing off one another.

A kindergarten teacher sets up a science center with many different types of buttons. The students must create categories and sort the buttons.Which of the following skills is the teacher trying to develop in students through the center?

A. The teacher wants the students to sort objects based on physical properties.

B. The teacher wants the students to sort objects based on chemical properties.

C. The teacher wants the students to use their counting skills.

D. The teacher wants the students to use their knowledge of basic shapes.

A. The teacher wants the students to sort objects based on physical properties.

A prekindergarten teacher is teaching her students about the four seasons. Which of the following is the most appropriate activity?

A. The students do a sort. There are vocabulary words that relate to each season; they must put the words under the correct season.

B. The students write about their favorite season and why it is their favorite season.

C. The students have a piece of paper that is divided into four parts. Each square has a picture of a tree. The students draw what the tree looks like in each season.

D. The students are asked to describe how clothing varies across different cultures.

C. The students have a piece of paper that is divided into four parts. Each square has a picture of a tree. The students draw what the tree looks like in each season.

Which of the following instruments measures wind speed?

A. a thermometer

B. a wind vane

C. an anemometer

D. a rain gauge

C. an anemometer

Which of the following is a characteristic of Earth?

A. Earth has two moons.

B. Earth takes twenty-seven days to orbit the moon.

C. Earth takes 365 days to orbit the sun.

D. Earth is the second planet from the sun in our solar system.

C. Earth takes 365 days to orbit the sun.

Mr. Reyes's second-grade class is running an obstacle course. During the last leg of the course, they must skip to the finish line. Martin is disqualified for running instead of skipping. Which other wording describes why Martin was disqualified?

A. He hopped instead of jumping.

B. He used the wrong locomotor pattern.

C. He used non-locomotor skills instead of locomotor skills.

D. He failed to show spatial awareness

B. He used the wrong locomotor pattern.

A school playground contains a large grassy area where students often enjoy showing off various new skills. Which new skill is a kindergarten teacher most likely to see students showing off?

A. a somersault

B. a backflip

C. sitting with legs crossed

D. clapping

A. a somersault