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Evolution of political systems and institutions.
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1787 – U.S. Constitution Ratified:
Replaced Articles of Confederation, strengthened federal government.
1830s – Jacksonian Democracy:
Expanded suffrage to white men and empowered the executive branch.
1860–1877 – Civil War & Reconstruction:
Shifted federal power over states and enforced civil rights (13th–15th Amendments).
1930s – New Deal:
Greatly expanded federal power through economic and social programs.
1960s – Great Society & Civil Rights Laws:
Federal government took active role in addressing poverty and discrimination.
1980s–90s – Rise of Conservatism:
Reagan and later GOP limited federal welfare and promoted states' rights.