Chapter 5: Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control

-What are keystone species? Ex:
-What are invasive species? Ex:
-What are indicator species
- What are foundation species? Ex:

-species that many other species depend on and majorly affects the biodiversity in an ecosystem. Ex: prairie dogs with their burrows, prey, predator for plants, usually apex predators
-Nonnative species that hurt native species by taking away their supplies Ex: mistletoes, brown tree snakes, mustard plants
-species that indicate the health of the environment/ community Ex: trout are super sensitive in the water so if they begin to die randomly then there is smth wrong with the water, amphibians, canaries, lichen, mayflies, etc
-those that create/ enhance habitats Ex: beavers build dams that creates an aquatic habitat so other animals can live there

-What is an apex predator?
-What is the difference between species abundance and species richness
-Can two species occupy the same niche coexist together
-Which of the following are reasons for greater species richness are closer to the equator? name 2

-Those at the top of the food chain
-abundance is the number of individuals of each species in total in one area while richness is the number of diff species in an area
-No
-they have higher productivity and stable climate

-What is species diversity?
-When species richness is closer to the equator it is...
-what does a niche structure do?
-What is resource partitioning

-richness and evenness together
- greater in richness meaning more diff species
-how many niches are in an area, how they resemble or differ, how species interact/ overlap
-using the limited resources but at diff levels or time or place

-mutualism is what type of interaction
-commensalism is what type of interaction
-parasitism is what type of interaction
- what is exploitation competition and give an example

-positive in both ways
-where one is gaining and the other is neutral
-one is gaining the other is being harmed
-where two species indirectly compete/ one takes the resources faster Ex: dog eats all the food before cat arrives, plant takes nutrients faster than the neighbor

Define how these traits help the prey escape the predator
-chemicals
-armor
-mimicry
-camouflage

-creating a chemical that is distasteful to predator
-spines or hard shell
- protected by looking like other poisonous species
-blending into environment

-What is an interference competition. ex:
-what is predator and prey
-what is a social parasite
-what is a brood parasite

-where two organisms directly fight one another for resource. Ex: humming birds fighting for nectar, cat and dog fighting for food
-where the predator eats the prey
-organism enters homes of other organisms and takes their resources
-an organism that relies on others to raise its own

-give some examples of animals that have mutualism
-what does symbiosis mean
-what is the difference between interspecific and intraspecific competition
-what are 2 benefits of predation

-dove and cacti, rhino and bird, clownfish and anemone, fungi and tree roots
-2 species that closely interact with each other
-intra= own species, inter= other species
-regulates prey population and gets rid of the sick, weak, and slow

-what is the diff between endoparasitism and ectoparasitism
-what is an evolutionary process
-what is inertia
-What is constancy

-endo= inside host, ecto= outside host
-where a more beneficial adaptation replaces an older one
-ability of system to resist disturbances visually is where the line on a graph is trying to remain the same
-trying to keep population lvls stable

-what is resilience?
-what increases ecological stability?
-what is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis
-what is the theory of island biogeography

-ecosystem's ability to bounce back from a disturbance
-having more biodiversity
-where frequent or moderate disturbances produce greater diversity
-the bigger the island the more disverse, the farther away it is from the mainland the less diverse

-what type of inertia and resilience do rain forests have when there are low to moderate levels of disturbances and why
-when is resilience low and why would it be low in a rainforest during this time
-what is character displacement
-which biome is the least resilient after a low to moderate infrequent disturbance?

-both high bc of high biodiversity
-low when disturbance is high and would be low bc nutrients is mainly stored in organisms rather than environment
-when niches overlap and there is competition
-tundra

-what is ecological succession
-what is primary succession
-what are two ways to produce soil
-What is secondary succession

-the gradual change in species of a given area
-the establishment of communities in lifeless areas where there is no soil aka starting from scratch to success
- through weathering and lichen and moss that secreted acids
-developing when there is already soil/ sediment

-earlier in an environment's succession, the food webs are simple or complex?
-what is a pioneer species
-what is a climax community
-can succession of climax community be determined

-simple at first and then become more complex with time
-one that is fast reproducing, 1st to colonize an area, and can tolerate wide range of temp/conditions
-communities that go throughs stages until they reach stability
-no it is not orderly

-what are 3 benefits of living in clumps
-what is pop size, density, dispersion, and distribution
-what is age structure
-what is the difference between clumped, even , and random dispersion

-more safety and predator cannot chase 1 individual easily, predators can work together to hunt as a group, it is easier to find a mate
- # of individuals in pop, # of individs per area/ volume, spatial distributions of the individs in a pop, and what affects pop size like immigration, emmigration, predation etc
-how fast a population grows or declines
-clump= groups, even= spreaded out evenly, random= location of individs is independent of others such as plants

-what is preproductive and postproductive age?
-what is the equation for population change
-what is natality and mortality
-A pop with a high number of individuals in the preproductive category can expect pop to what in future

-too young an too old
-birth + immigration - death and emmigration
-natality= birth and mortality= death
-grow

-What is biotic potential and where is it on a graph
-what is intrinsic rate of increase and what is its symbol
-what does high intrinsic rate mean for the species
-What is environmental resistance

-a pop's capacity to grow and it is the exponential part of a graph
-ability to grow without limits and r
-many offspring, reproduce early in life, short generation time
-factors that limit population growth

-what is carrying capacity and what is the symbol for it
-What is the difference between an exponential model and logistics model
-Where is the grow, decrease, and stability in a logistic model
-What are the three options when a species is exceeding carrying capacity

-the max population an area can support without degrading, K
-one does not taking into account of limiting factors while other does, expo is only accurate for a short period of time, one looks like a j and the other looks like an s, logistic is closer to carrying capacity
-grow is at the beginning, decrease is where the major curve is, and stability is at the top
-move, switch habits, decline in size/ crash

-what is the diff between density dependent and independent change?
-what are the three types of population circles in nature and define them
-what are three species that show high biotic potential
-what is the difference between a top down and bottom up relationship

-dependent is based on what occurs in population like diseases or food shortages while independent is outside forces that changes population like natural disasters
-stable= slightly up or down carrying capacity, irruptive= super high on carrying capacity and then crashes to stability, irregular= erratic random changes due to changes in habitat, cyclic= fluctuates regularly; is usually a response between predator and prey
-bacteria, frogs, and small fish, usually small organisms
-top down is where predator affects prey and bottom up is how prey affects predator

-what is asexual reproduction, pros and cons?
-what is sexual reproduction, pros and cons?
-what are opportunists give three examples
-what are survivorship curves

-where you do not need a partner to reproduce. pros= no mate , con= low genetic diversity
-where you need a mate to reproduce, pros: genetic diversity, offspring protection cons: need a mate, needs at least 2 offspring to replace parents, increase genetic defects, and mating rituals= energy consuming
-reproduce rapidly when conditions are favorable: weeds, fungi, and bacteria
-shows how likely an organism will survive in diff times in life

Define the three types of survivorship curves and give examples
-Type I
-Type II
- Type III

- more likely to die later in life, graph looks stable for most time and then decrease later on Ex: humans
- probability of dying does not change thorughout life, declines day by day, graph is a straight line decreasing Ex: sparrows and squirrels
-surviving at beginning is super hard but if survived then they live long, graph= negative exponential curve bc major population at birth dies and very few live Ex: oaktrees, sea turtles, insects and frogs

-What is an r strategist?
-Give examples of r strategist (parental care, life, reproduction, ability to adapt)
-what is a k strategist
-give examples of k strategist (parental care, life, reproduction, ability to adapt)

-species that produce many cheap offspring
-little to no parental care, small/ shortlived adults, produce many offspring, have high ability to adapt,Example: small organisms like fish and bacteria
-species that produce few expensive offspring
-lengthy parental care, long life, low reproduction, low ability to adapt Example: humans, elephants