BIOL: chapter 1 (the study of life)

derived from Latin and means “to know”

The word Science

Two main types of scientific inquiry:

discovery science and hypothesis-based
science

discovery science and hypothesis-based
science

Also known as qualitative science and
quantitative science

logic used in descriptive science

Inductive reasoning

logic used in hypothesis-based science

Deductive reasoning

observations to arrive at general conclusion

Inductive reasoning

all living organisms are composed of cells -- all life
observed exhibits cellular organization

Inductive reasoning

general principles to predict specific result

Deductive reasoning

All dogs are mammals. All mammals have kidneys.
Therefore all dogs have kidneys.

Deductive reasoning

Data

recorded observations or items of
information

descriptions rather than measurements (appearance, behavior, etc...)

Qualitative

recorded measurements, which are sometimes organized into tables and graphs

Quantitative

A hypothesis must be

testable

Experiments must have

controls

“pure” science seeks to expand knowledge regardless of the short-term application

Basic science

goal of technology is to

apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose

Biology is marked by “_______,” while
technology is marked by “_______”

discoveries;inventions

scientific law describes

a correlation between measured variables. Sometimes expressed as a mathematical equation.

scientific theory offers an explanation of

natural phenomena. The theory of evolution through
natural selection. The theory of relativity. Germ
theory.

Reviewed by experts in the same
research area, who judge
whether or not the work is
original, significant, logical, and
thorough.

Primary or peer-reviewed
literature

Newspapers, books, review
articles

Secondary literature

Properties of Life

1. Order
2. Response to environment
3. Reproduction
4. Regulation/homeostasis
5. Energy Processing
6. Evolutionary Adaption

Organisms interact with
their environments, exchanging matter and
energy

Order/Organization:

two major processes:

– Cycling of nutrients
– Energy transfer and
transformation: flow
of energy from
sunlight to
producers to
consumers

Organisms living on Earth are modified
descendents of

common ancestors

Fossils and other evidence document the
evolution of life on Earth over

billions of years

Natural selection is evident in adaptations of

organisms to their environment

Bat wings are an example of

adaptation

Bacteria and Archaea are ______; plants,
animals, fungi, and all other forms of life are
_______

prokaryotic;eukaryotic

Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea

comprise the prokaryotes

Domain Eukarya includes three multicellular
kingdoms:

Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

Other eukaryots were formerly grouped into a kingdom called Protista –

now grouped into many separate kingdoms