ap csp unit 1 & 2

Prototype

An early model used to test ideas before creating a final product

Binary

A number system that uses only 0s and 1s

Bit

A single binary digit, either 0 or 1

Decimal number system

A base-10 number system using digits 0–9

Overflow error

An error that occurs when a number is too large to be represented with available bits

Round-off error

A small error caused by rounding numbers

ASCII

A system that represents text characters using binary numbers

Abstraction

Reducing complexity by focusing on important details

Analog data

Continuous data with infinite possible values

Digital data

Discrete data represented using binary values

Sampling

Measuring analog data at regular intervals to create digital data

Compression

Reducing the size of a file

Lossless compression

Compression that preserves all original data

Lossy compression

Compression that removes some data to reduce file size

Intellectual property

Creations that are legally owned by an individual or organization

Creative Commons

A licensing system that allows creators to share work with specific permissions

Copyright

Legal protection that gives creators control over their work

Pixel

The smallest unit of a digital image

File size

The amount of storage space a file uses

Data

Information represented in a form suitable for processing

Conversion

Changing data from one form to another (e.g., binary to decimal)

License

Legal permission describing how a work can be used

Attribution

Giving credit to the original creator

Internet

A global network of interconnected computing networks

Computing device

A physical device that processes data using programs

Computing system

A group of devices and software working together

Computing network

Connected computing devices that share data

Path

The route data travels through a network

Bandwidth

The maximum amount of data that can be transmitted in a given time

Protocol

A set of rules for sending and receiving data

IP address

A unique identifier for a device on a network

Internet Protocol (IP)

A protocol that routes packets using IP addresses

Datastream

A continuous flow of data

Packet

A small chunk of data sent over a network

Packet metadata

Information attached to a packet that helps route and reassemble it

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

A protocol that ensures reliable data delivery by checking and reordering packets

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

A protocol that sends data quickly without error checking

HTTP

A protocol used to request and transfer web pages

HTTPS

A secure version of HTTP

Router

A device that directs packets between networks

Redundancy

Having multiple paths in a network to prevent failure

Fault tolerance

The ability of a system to continue working when parts fail

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

A company that provides access to the Internet

Digital divide

The gap between people who have access to technology and those who do not