ap bio sem 1

Passive Transport

The movement of particles from high to low concentration without the input of energy. includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.

Active Transport

The movement of particles from low to high concentration requiring an input of energy. This energy can be from ATP molecules

Simple Diffusion

The random movement of small, nonpolar particles from a high to low concentration. through phospholipid tails.

Osmosis

The movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. Moves from high concentration of water to low concentration of water (moves in the direction of more solutes)

Facilitated Diffusion

The movement of polar or charged particles across a membrane with the help of proteins. they cant get through on their own because they are polar and are hydrophillic

Endocytosis

The transport of large material into a cell using vesicles.

Exocytosis

The transport of large materials out of the cell using vesicles.

Concentration gradient

difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another

ATP

energy molecule used for active transport, made by the mitochondria

selectively permeable

a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot

polar head

A phosphate that is the water loving portion of the phospholipid

hydrophobic tails

directed toward the center, avoiding water

Up/against a gradient is from a region of _____ to _____ concentration?

low to high

down/with the gradient from a region of _____ to ____ concentration?

high to low

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen to make ATP

Mitochondria

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, cellular respiration takes place here

Glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose, step 1 of cellular respiration.

products of glycolysis

a little ATP, carrier molecules (H+ and e-), pyruvate

reactants of glycolysis

glucose

Products of Krebs Cycle

CO2, a little ATP, carrier molecule (H+,e-)

CO2

waste product of cellular respiration. made in Krebs

H20

Waste product of ETC; made when O2, Electrons and Protons combine

electron transport chain

Step 3 of CR. Most ATP is made here! A series of proteins make ATP.

ATP synthase

Large protein that uses energy from H+, e-, and O2 to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP

carrier molecules

electron and proton carriers; shuttle electrons to the ETC

aerobic respiration

Respiration that requires oxygen

Reactants of ETC

e-, H+, O2

Products of ETC

Water and ATP (a BUNCH)

steps of cellular respiration

glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain

cellular respiration equation

glucose +O2---> CO2+ H2O +ATP

goal of cellular respiration

to convert the chemical energy in food (glucose) to chemical energy stored in ATP

goal of glycolysis and krebs

make carrier molecules to supply the ETC with e- and H+

the CO2 we breath comes from

pyruvate

polymer

A large molecule composed of repeating structural units or monomers.

carbohydrate

Compound used for structure and short term energy (e.g., sugars, starches, and cellulose)

protein

Class of nutrients made up of amino acids. They are needed to build and repair body structures, and to regulate almost all processes in the body

lipid

Organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and store food energy until needed (fats, oils, waxes)

nucleic acid

A biological macromolecule (DNA or RNA) composed of the elements C, H, N, O, and P that carries genetic information. stores the information needed to make proteins.

nucleotide

Monomer of nucleic acids made up of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. there are 4 types in DNA

fatty acid

These are hydrophobic and make up the "tails" in the membrane

macromolecule

A very large molecule (as of a protein, nucleic acid, or carbohydrate) built up from smaller chemical structures

polysaccharide

a carbohydrate that is composed of many monosaccharide units joined together

monosaccharide

A simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate

Monomer

A simple building block that can join together to form polymers

Denature

A change in the shape of a protein (such as an enzyme) that can be caused by changes in temperature, salt, or pH .

function of lipids

make up cell membrane and long term energy storage

function of carbs

short term energy storage; structure

function of proteins

essential for the growth, development, and repair of all body tissues. THEY DO EVERYTHING!! enzymes

function of nucliec acids

store genetic information. holds the code for making protiens

pH

hydrogen ion concentration. Range from 0-14. Measures acidity . 0-6 acidic, 8-14 basic

surface tension

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. in water it is really hard to break the surface! due to hydrogen bonding

High specific heat capacity

Water requires a lot of energy to change temperature. Helps maintain homeostasis and a constant temp of water. Due to excessive H-bonds between water molecules.

saturated fats

single bonds between carbons in a lipid molecule. packs closely together, solid at room temp

unsaturated fats

double bonds between carbon in a lipid molecule. DOES NOT pack closely together, liquid at room temp

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

R group (side chain)

part of amino acid that determines the molecule's physical and chemical properties; determines folding

polar

Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water.

nonpolar

No partial charges. Do not mix with water.

phospholipid bilayer

Plasma membrane layers composed of phospholipid molecules arranged with polar heads facing the outside and nonpolar tails facing the inside.

primary structure

The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.

secondary structure

The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils (alpha helix) or folds (beta sheets) of a polypeptide chain. occurs between interactions of the polypeptide backbone.

tertiary structure

is the result of folding due to interactions among R groups along the polypeptide chain. includes ionic interactions, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic/philic interactions.

Quaternary Structure

the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.

peptide bond

The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

Pyrimidines

Bases with a single ring structure— cytosine, thymine, uracil

complementary base pairing rules

A always pairs with T

G always pairs with C

number of bonds between A & T

2 hydrogen bonds

number of bonds between G & C

3 hydrogen bonds

Starch

A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.

Cellulose

A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms

double helix

The form of DNA, referring to its two adjacent strands wound into a spiral shape.

DNA backbone

Made of deoxyribose SUGAR and Phosphate. held together by covalent bonds

Nucleus

Dense organelle in eukaryotic cells, single rounded structure, has genetic material. Store the cells DNA and coordinates the cells activities. The brain of the cell.

Ribosomes

Makes proteins, proteins do everything. can be on RER or free floating in the cytoplasm.

Golgi

involved in protein modification, distribution, and transport. this organelles looks like a stack of pancake-like membranes. Checks proteins and sends them to their appropriate location in or outside of the cell.

Chloroplast

in plants, photosynthesis takes place here. light energy is converted into sugar for the plant as food. plants then break down this food in the mitochondria

Lysosome

Recycles old organelles. Breaks down materials like wastes, food, or invaders.

Cell Wall

a rigid protective covering outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants and bacteria (prokaryotes). gives cells protection and structure.

Transport vesicles

small sacs of membrane that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell.

Rough ER

Has ribosomes attached. packages newly made proteins and send them to be further processed.

Smooth ER

Makes lipids

Organelles involved in protein synthesis

Nucleus (code for proteins), ribosomes (protein factory), Endoplasmic Reticulum (packs proteins), Golgi Apparatus (modifies and distributes proteins), Vesicles (transports proteins).

DNA

A macromolecule containing the genetic information

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. is very large in plants to store water.

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. very complex. plants, animals, and fungi

Organelle

A tiny membrane bound structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Cytoskeleton

network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and helps move materials around the cell like a highway.

what structures do prokaryotes and eukaryotes share

cell membrane, cytosplam, ribosomes, DNA, (cell wall sometimes. plants/fungi are the only eukaryotes with a cell wall)

Properties of eukaryotic cells

Large in size, many pieces of linear DNA. can have specialized functions. more complex
have membrane bound organelles: Nucleus, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, smooth ER ect.

Properties of prokaryotic cells

- free floating DNA (no nucleus)
- no membrane bound organelles
- size: very small
- unicellular
-reproduce fast!
-evolve fast!
- bacteria

chromosome

piece of DNA

binary fission

copy DNA and divide a cell into 2 cells

conjugation

transmission of plasmids from one prokaryotic cell to another via sex pilis

transformation

the uptake and use of DNA (plasmids) from surroundings and environment

transduction

the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one prokaryote to another, occurs when viruses infect prokaryotes and result of malfunction of viral infection

horizontal gene transfer

transmission of DNA within one generation

selectively permeable

only allow certain molecules in/out of cell due to molecule structure